It was a rush job for the Americans. One of our people was badly beaten and the local cops were no help at all
English speakers like Americans suffered from the negative perceptions by Germans. Just like what Len Deighton wrote, people were even beaten in some cases, and the local police often turned a blind eye on these issues.
If the western democracies stand together in strict adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter, their influence for furthering these principles will be immense and no one is likely to molest them
When Minister Winston Churchill was doing the speech on the "Iron Curtain", he was aware of the fact that the western democracies will get strong when the Iron Curtain is actually performed. He was afraid of the division of power. The main reason why he claimed for the Iron Curtain was to avoid distribution of power in the west, which was against the Soviet power.
They got the man and wife out and then ran down the street. And an hour later the bomb exploded.
The explosive firepower and great mobility based on the airborne force was one of the greatest benefits of the blitzkrieg. This bombing was mainly focused on supporting lines, but massive amount of citizens were also killed by the blitzkrieg.
[T]here can never be friendship between the British democracy and the Nazi Power, that Power which spurns Christian ethics, which cheers its onward course by a barbarous paganism, which vaunts the spirit of aggression and conquest, which derives strength and perverted pleasure from persecution, and uses, as we have seen, with pitiless brutality the threat of murderous force. That Power cannot ever be the trusted friend of the British democracy. . . .
Winston Churchill was on contrary against appeasement. Churchill thought that German and Britain had the opposite ideology with each other, and these ideologies neither can't build trust each other nor coexist.
We had no treaty obligations and no legal obligations to Czechoslovakia and if we had said that, we feel that we should have received no support from the people of this country. .
The Great Britain and France gave the Sudetenland to Germany in the Munich Agreement with the purpose of appeasing the Germany to stop their military expansion. Sudetenland was one of Czechoslovakia's region, which consisted of a great amount of German residence. However, Czechoslovakia, itself, was excluded from this conference, which meant the betray of France from the France - Czechoslovakia alliance.
England acts like a fruit-tree with a branch injured
I think Molly Hughes is referring to England's situation during that period. England definitely bore a lot of fruits, including industries, rise of civil rights, power, however, on the other hand, England had many social problems in the inner part. The injured branches, I think is relating to some social problems and backfire during that period.
lazy idle loafers on the dole" and saying that "these men could all find work if they wanted to,"
I actually don't understand how this was possible.
ALDOUS HUXLEY: BRAVE NEW WORLD
The "Brave New World" by Aldous Huxley talks about the dystopia that will be created in the further future. Alders Huxley mainly use the theme of fordism, which is prioritizing massive production. In this book, even humans are raised in a bottle and conveyor belt. The "Brave New World", in fact, criticizes the production-prioritizing during the Great War period.
P.G. WODEHOUSE: RIGHT HO, JEEVES
The "Right Ho, Jeeves" was a comic novel that had main characters of Jeeves and Bertie Wooster. This was both published in England and America, and it was later adapted to radio.
We are thus faced in Europe with the spectacle of an extraordinary weakness on the part of the great capitalist class
In "The Economic Consequences of the Peace", John Maynard not only argued for the generous peaces, but also pointed out some problems of capitalism.
Women have, however, proved that their entry into the munition world has increased the output.
The Great War period was when civil rights movement started to increase. People started to logically prove women's advantages in society. In this passage, Naomi Loughnan is logically stating that women has actually increased output during the war, and this is the reason why women should work and participate in occupations.
Ladies and gentlemen, there are women in my country who have spent long and useful lives trying to get reforms, and because of their voteless condition, they are unable even to get the ear of Members of Parliament, much less are they able to secure those reforms.
Emmeline Pankhurst is famous for her endeavors to achieve women voting. She thought that the environment's oppress against women in terms of voting blocked the Great Britain from developing. She thought that women also had the responsibility to participate in Parliament and help reforming. Her ideology indicates that the civil rights movement was something that was moving towards the surface during the Great War period.
Every one of the steps of expansion in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific has been accompanied by bloodshed; each imperialist Power keeps an increasing army available for foreign service; rectification of frontiers, punitive expeditions, and other euphemisms for war are in incessant progress.
Unlike Joseph Chamberlain, Hobson opposed imperialism. He believed that it is immoral and inhumane to expand their power to the world, since it always brought great amount of deaths.
Take up the White Man's burden
Kipling's the White Man's Burden emphasizes the imperialistic ideology, saying that it is White man's burden to lead other races. The White Man's Burden advocates Social Darwinism. He says that even though people will blame them for their racism, it is their noble job to lead them.
you cannot destroy the practices of barbarism, of slavery, of superstition, which for centuries have desolated the interior of Africa, without the use of force; but if you will fairly contrast the gain to humanity with the price which we are bound to pay for it, I think you may well rejoice in the result of such expeditions as those which have recently been conducted with such signal success
Joseph Chamberlain was a conservative person who advocated imperialism of England. Although he was not a prime minister, he was very influential in British political field during that period. He was conservative in terms of foreign policies but he was never an extreme conservative. He believed that he could achieve peace through imperialism.
At the present day, in the case of the civilized white man, it has become more and more the conscious, carefully directed attempt of the nation to fit itself to a continuously changing environment
This content shows how much have the ideology of civil rights has improved in England during the late 1800s. Racism was an unconscious and natural idea in England in past centuries, however, the modern idea of egalitarianism was improving, and people started to notify Social Darwinism as a problem.
Africa is still lying ready for us it is our duty to take it. It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory
I think the "Confession of Faith" is justifying the ideology of imperialism. The "Confession of Faith" was actually based on the Calvinism, which was introduced about 2 hundred years ago. The "Confession of Faith" connotes the idea of imperialism by linking it to missionary.
You know what the streets are; you know how cruel the companions that you find there are; you know the vices practised there, and to what wretched consequences they bring you, even while you are young
I think Charles Dickens' "An Appeal to Fallen Women" actually connotes women's rights. Charles Dickens is suggesting better life to the 'fallen women', showing how the cruel the reality is. Instead of blaming the 'fallen women' for the prostitution, I think Charles Dickens is blaming the poor conditions of society.
The employment of the wife dissolves the family utterly and of necessity, and this dissolution, in our present society, which is based upon the family, brings the most demoralizing consequences for parents as well as children.
I am actually curious whether there was a high rate of women employment in occupations.
But neither one person, nor any number of persons, is warranted in saying to another human creature of ripe years, that he shall not do with his life for his own benefit what he chooses to do with it
John Stuart supported human rights, but in the other hand, he also thought that employers also have the right to give opportunities to people and choose what to do about it.
thinks that the health of persons employed in mills is better from the regularity of their habits, than of those employed at home in weaving
This symbolizes the change of English's outdated notion of prioritizing work and production instead of people to the modern notion of making prioritizing human first, and as a result, this change brought about enhancement of human rights.
How often should they suppress their own claims rather than interfere with those of others! How often should they employ their talent in developing that of their associates, and not for its own display! How invariably should they discard pretension, and shun even the appearance of conceit; and seek to imbibe the spirit of that lovely religion, of which sympathy is the characteristic feature, and humility the pre-eminent grace!
The power of women rose during the industrialization era. Just like World War II and other wars, the harsh reality in England enhanced minority rights.
having no capital or income of their own, would in a month be dead from sheer starvation were they exclusively dependent upon the money earned by their own work
Child labor, low employment rate, low income, high inflation, lenient restriction on work environment... these part of England's history shows the 'darkest England'. The industrialization period was one of the controversial period, since it brought about huge development in England but citizens suffered at the same time.
That was the way by which your punctual attendance was secured? -- Yes
Just like today's schools, children workers had to be punctual to their work. There was no tolerance for absence to the workplace, if anything, being late to the workplace led to harsh violence. In this Sadler report, the children who was interviewing lived 2 miles away from the workplace, and started his work at 5. Since, there wasn't great transportation, it shows how harsh the reality of child labor during that period was.
The wife, in the present state of things, who is faithful to her husband, and neither suckles nor educates her children, scarcely deserves the name of a wife, and has no right to that of a citizen. But take away natural rights, and duties become null
Mary Wollstonecraft argued against theorists who claimed that women are not allowed to receive education. Marry insisted that women are not created to only play their role as a wife, but they should be educated since women have to educate their children, and as wives of men, they have the right to receive education, and they shouldn't be treated as decorations for men.
As on one side not uninform'd that men See as it hath been taught them, and that time Gives rights to error; on the other hand
I am actually confused what error William is talking about here.
"We have seen," says Mr. Burke, "the French rebel against a mild and lawful monarch, with more fury, outrage, and insult, than any people has been known to rise against the most illegal usurper, or the most sanguinary tyrant." This is one among a thousand other instances, in which Mr. Burke shows that he is ignorant of the springs and principles of the French Revolution.
Thomas Paine, in his book, The Rights of Man, he argued against Edmund Burke's argument in the Reflections on the Revolution in France. Thomas Paine insisted that political revolutions shouldn't be blame if the government did not protect the public's rights.
We [the English] are afraid to put men to live and trade each on his own private stock of reason, because we suspect that this stock in each man is small, and that the individuals would do better to avail themselves of the general bank and capital of nations and of ages
Edmund Burke, in his pamphlet, the Reflections on the Revolution in France, argued about the conservatism of the French Revolution and its problems.
Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England
During this period, most of the property was inherited to the eldest son, and only a little amount of property was inherited to daughters and younger sons. Therefore, daughters and sons with little amount of property sought for people who had large amount of fortune.
By that law of our nature which makes food necessary to the life of man, the effects of these two unequal powers must be kept equal.
Thomas Robert Malthus argued in his writing "An Essay on the Principle of Population" that food production, since food is necessary source for human life, should be increased as the population during the late 1700s was increasing in a rapid speed. Malthus also insisted that the growing population will decrease wages, and the low-wage and maintenance of food production would eventually lead to starvation and poverty.
Every man, as long as he does not violate the laws of justice, is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest his own way, and to bring both his industry and capital into competition with those of any other man, or order of men.
Adam Smith is talking about the free market system. Adam Smith thought that the free market system and division of labor system will increase the productivity of the whole country, and will eventually lead to the enhance of the public welfare and a wealthy country.
Upon the whole, then, it appears, that no testimony for any kind of miracle has ever amounted to a probability, much less to a proof
This concluding sentence show how the existence of miracles cannot be proven by any testimony, and that it is far from science.
Thro' worlds unnumber'd tho' the God be known, 'Tis ours to trace him only in our own. He, who thro' vast immensity can pierce, See worlds on worlds compose one universe,
Alexander Pope's idea of Deism is well-shown in this phrases. He says that God has made our world and observing us, but God, in fact, is not involving in our universe, and we are the main agents that develop and change this world.
To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal and directed to contrary parts.
This is Newton's third law, which we learn in our physics class. Newton's third law explains the return of the power. When people give action or power to a direction, there is an equal opposing reaction to that power. For example, if a person hits the wall, he gets the same damage of his power in his fist because of the law of action and reaction.
Now experiments of this kind have one admirable property and condition; they never miss or fail. For since they are applied, not for the purpose of producing any particular effect, but only of discovering the natural cause of some effect, they answer the end equally well whichever way they turn out; for they settle the question.
One of the great advantage of using Baconian Method was that this method had no possibility of failing or missing. Organon, which was a type of scientific method by Aristoteles in 6th century, had the possibility of failing. However, Baconian Method used the inductive reasoning which made a reason for every theory, and brought about huge influence to the English Science and Enlightenment era by reasoning and explaining why some scientific theories and hypothesis were wrong, and why those theories came out.
for the increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and extirpate all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same, be it enacted, by the authority of this present Parliament
The Act of Supremacy, in the end, actually did increase the virtue in Christ's religion and contributed to the increase in King's power.
They learned every single useful art of the Roman civilization either directly from their guests, or indirectly from hints and surmises on which they based their own investigations
They were did not refuse the influx in foreign ideas and cultures. If anything, they tried to accept.
Partridge [the bailiff of Paston's neighboring noble, with whom the Paston's were disputing] and his companions are very much afraid that you will try to reclaim possession from them, and have made great defences within the house, so I am told
The disorder and chaos in England (the weak government branches and nobilities) were shown in this text.
I count no more of Conscience if I catch the silver Than I do when I drink a draught of good ale
This reflects the unfair and non-logical judgment in terms of conscience during this period.
Before my story takes a further pace, It seems a reasonable thing to say What their condition was, the full array Of each of them, as it appeared me,
Writers still wrote about the circumstances during that period regardless of their risk.
They are clothed in velvet and camlet [a fine woolen cloth] furred with grise [costly gray fur], and we be vestured in poor cloth; they have their wines, spices and good bread, and we have the drawing out of the chaff and drink water; they dwell in fair houses and we have the pain and travail, rain and wind in the fields; and by what cometh of our labors they keep and maintain their estates; we be called their bondsmen and unless we readily do them service, we be beaten. . . ."
The public was poor owing to the high economic tension after the Black Death, high taxes due to Hundred Years' War, and London central government's instability in province govern.
Authority alone cannot make a philosopher believe anything, nor should it be adduced for this purpose.
Philosopher's rights were kept, and they were unique since they were uninfluenced by the authority.
No one shall go out to meet a ship bringing wine or other merchandise coming to the town, in order to buy anything, before the ship be arrived and come to anchor for unloading; and if any one does so and is convicted, the merchandise which he shall have bought shall be forfeited to the king.
Importing and bringing items from over seas, were regulated rigidly by the government and King; they had to follow the rules of unloading, which was abolished later on.
Outside one of the gates there, immediately in the suburb, is a certain field, smooth (Smith) field in fact and name. Every Friday, unless it be a higher day of appointed solemnity, there is in it a famous show of noble horses for sale. Earls, barons, knights, and many citizens who are in town, come to see or buy. In another part of the field stand by themselves the goods proper to rustics, implements of husbandry, swine with long flanks, cows with full udders, oxen of hulk immense, and woolly flocks.
This is an example of trade that was held outside the gate. This trade had the system seven-day interval village market.
so long as they well conduct themselves in that office, they shall not be removed except by the common counsel of the aforesaid burgesses
They prevented illegal remove of people in office to prevent unrighteous judgement.
one for the lord, one for the wife, one for the children; and if he leaves no children, they shall be divided into two parts -one for the lord and one for the wife of the deceased, equally.
The fact that they had to divide a large amount with lord shows that they regarded lord very important.
the strips of open ground between a mound and its ditch; the presence ofcircular enclosures associated with some of these structures; and even the multiplication ofearthwork barriers defining the limits of these sites
Was this really ineffective?
The great and chief end, therefore, of men uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property; to which in the state of Nature there are many things wanting. . . . The end of government is the good of mankind; and which is best for mankind, that the people should be always exposed to the boundless will of tyranny, or that the rulers should be sometimes liable to be opposed when they grow exorbitant in the use of their power, and employ it for the destruction, and not the preservation, of the properties of their people?. . .
People started to think that people have their own rights, and government should not interrupt people's individual right.
the right of judicature; that is to say, of hearing and deciding all controversies which may arise concerning law, either civil or natural, or concerning fact. For without the decision of controversies there is no protection of one subject, against the injuries of another
The enforcement of law to human society became a much more common idea.
that levying money for or to the use of the crown by pretence of prerogative without grant of parliament, for longer time or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal
Just like the Petition of Rights in 1628, the English Bill of Rights lessen the power of the king, while increasing the power of the Parliament.
Men may justly have by birthright, by their very being born in England, that we should not seclude them out of England, that we should not refuse to give them air and place and ground, and the freedom of the highways and other things, to live amongst us -- not any man that is born here, though by his birth there come nothing at all (that is part of the permanent interest of this kingdom) to him
The Putney Debate in 1647 shows England's start of giving natural born birth right to citizens.
how can any free-born subject of England call life or anything he possesseth his own, if power without right daily make new, and abrogate the old fundamental laws of the land which I now take to be the present case! . . .
People started seeking for their rights, which was standing against the king.
having power over the life and death of every one of them: for although a just prince will not take the life of any one of his subjects without a clear law; yet the same laws whereby he taketh them, are made by himself or his predecessors; and so the power flows always from himself
This indicates that King James I was strong in terms of his kingship, and the laws that he enforced made his power even stronger.
they should not be compelled to contribute to any tax, tallage, aid, or other like charge not set by common consent in parliament
The Petition of Right in 1628, which was one of the most important document during that period, set this new right which lessen the power of the king and contributed to the development in human rights.
And when a guildsman dies, all those who are of the guild and are in the city shall attend the service of the dead, and the guildsmen shall bear the body and bring it to the place of burial. And whoever will not do this shall pay according to his oath, two pence, to be given to the poor. And those of the ward where the dead man shall be ought to find a man to watch over the body the night that the dead shall lie in his house. And so long as the service of the dead shall last, that is to say the vigil and the mass, there ought to burn four candles of the guild, each candle of two pounds weight or more, until the body is buried. And these four candles shall remain in the keeping of the steward of the guild. And when a guildsman dies, his eldest son or his next heir shall have the seat of his father, or of his uncle, if his father was not a guildsman, and of no other one; and he shall give nothing for his seat. No husband can have a seat in the guild by right of his wife, nor demand a seat by right of his wife's ancestors.
The culture of respecting the guildsman even after he died, was strict during this period, and the seat was also ensured by the guildsmen's law.
If anyone shall have been dispossessed or removed by us without legal judgment of his peers, from his lands, castles, franchises, or his right we will restore them to him immediately. . . All fines which have been imposed unjustly and against the law of the land, and all penalties imposed unjustly and against the law of the land are altogether excused, or will be on the judgment of the twenty-five barons of whom mention is made below in connection with the security of the peace, or on the judgment of the majority of them, along with the aforesaid Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury. . . .
These points in Magna Carta show that the rights of property started to be guaranteed by the law.
All secular kings for the sake of God so venerate this Vicar, that unless they seek to serve him devotedly they doubt if they are reigning properly.
During this era, in order to be a king, Pope had to agree about it which means pope had a great power. Pope Innocent III was one of the strongest pope throughout history, and this phrase shows that Pope Innocent III was so strong that kings had to follow him, and even though they doubted about their reigning, opposing was not a choice.
according to the commands of God and of the archbishop and of all the bishops, we order that, as soon as the fire has been brought to heat the iron or Water for the ordeal, no one shall come into the church except the priest and the man to be tried
The power of religion during this period was strong. The trial by ordeal seemed very outdated and ridiculous but they were actually practiced during this era. The priests during this era earned great powers through this trial until the trial by ordeal was substituted to jury system. The phrase "no one shall come into the church except the priest and the man to be tried" shows how strong the power of priests was and how secret was the trial was.
it is clear from the ancient historians that in the beginning these were founded by iniquity as presumptuous encroachments against the Lord, or else were extorted from Him.
I think this part is interesting, since having kingdom was considered as "presumptuous encroachments against the Lord." This show how religion was a big thing to consider and a priority for them.
It is agreed that if either of us shall try to break this contract he shall pay (a specified amount), and the compact shall still hold.
The punishment for breaking the contract (which is above mentioned at the first paragraph), was fine. I am curious about the amount of the fine they had to pay.
he reared a noble monastery, and there placed monks, and well endowed it. In his days was the noble monastery in Canterbury built, and also very many others over all England. This land was also plentifully supplied with monks, and they lived their lives after the rule of St. Benedict
King William was a faithful person, and he cared a lot about religious field. He gave qualification to the monks to possess land.
he man of God heard the assault of the storming crowd, he summoned to him his band of clerics, took the relics of saints which he was wont to have constantly with him, and came out of the tent
This sentence shows that there was a man of God, and he had a great power.
Then the messenger of the vikings stood on the bank, he called sternly, uttered words, boastfully speaking the seafarers' message to the earl, as he stood on the shore
It is interesting that there was a messenger of the vikings who had the role of public announcing.
he is willing to surrender and hand over his weapons, and anyone after that uses violence against him (the pursued), he shall pay any sum which he incurs, whether wergeld [money paid in recompense for injury or death] or compensation for wounds, as well as a fine, and his kinsman shall forfeit his claim to protection as a result of his action.
I think this is great point which shows why he was called Great.
Thus it is said to have happened in those times that Easter was twice kept in one year, and that when the king [Oswy of Northumbria, a Celtic Christian] having ended the time of fasting, kept his [Celtic] Easter, the queen and her followers were still fasting, and celebrating Palm Sunday
This shows how they considered their religion, Catholic as their priority.
it is a disgrace for the chief to be surpassed in valour, a disgrace for his folIowers not to equal the valour of the chief. And it is an infamy and a reproach for life to have survived the chief, and returned from the field
It is very interesting, since these sentences show that there was war culture.
hey rejected the traditional view that the barrows were intended to house‘individual’ burials
It interesting how they tried to reject the old and traditional view. We can infer that as the time passed by, the barrows started having different usages.