They would eat horse’s guts, and ears, and all sorts of wild birds which they could catch; also bear, venison, beaver, tortoise, frogs, squirrels, dogs, skunks, rattlesnakes; yea, the very bark of trees;

Then I took it of the child, and eat it myself, and savory it was to my taste. Then I may say as Job 6.7, “The things that my soul refused to touch are as my sorrowful meat.” Thus the Lord made that pleasant refreshing, which another time would have been an abomination

Then I went to another wigwam, where there were two of the English children; the squaw was boiling horses feet; then she cut me off a little piece, and gave one of the English children a piece also

his master roasted him, and that himself did eat a piece of him, as big as his two fingers, and that he was very good meat.

a pretty while

and made my burden seem light, and almost nothing at all.

The elder, non-English speaking members of the community argued strongly for the inclusion of scatalogical and sexual allusions-maintaining that censorship had never been exercised towards children in the past.

his superficially insigni

It may perhaps be argued that Native American literature, under this definition, is a reasonable idea in that a minute but growing fraction is becoming available via translation into the lingua franca of Engl

"European Literature

e greatest volume of fiction pertaining to Native Americans has been written about them by non-Nat

Columbu

hand, there is no such thing as "Native American litera- ture," though it may yet, someday, come in

Beautifully my possessions are to me restored. 31. Beautifully my soft goods to me are restored. 32. Beautifully my hard goods to me are restored. 34. Beautifully my horses to me are restored. 34. Beautifully my sheep to me are restored. 35. Beautifully my old men to me are restored. 36. Beautifully my old women to me are restored. 37. Beautifully my young men to me are restored. 38. Beautifully my women to me are restored. 39. Beautifully my children to me are restored. 40. Beautifully my wife to me is restored. 41. Beautifully my chiefs to me are restored. 42. Beautifully my country to me is restored. 43. Beautifully my fields to me are restored. 44. Beautifully my house to me is restored.

Pollen Boy sits with me. 27. Grasshopper Girl sits with me.

rainbow passed out with me.

house made of mirage,

Through the pollen, Through the pollen blest, All in pollen hidden,

implicitly and explicitly critiquing oppressive power structures)

problem-posing education,

space of cognition not information

pedagogues teach while also actively investigating teaching and learning.

do little direct pedagogical work to prepare themselves as teachers.

system that values assessment over engagement,

Schools are not factories, nor are learning or learners products of the mill.

Increasingly, the web is a space of politics, a social space, a professional space, a space of community.

as we turn to online reading, the physiology of the reading process itself shifts; we don’t read the same way online as we do on paper.

The deformed work is the end, not the means to the end.

I don’t want to put Humpy Dumpty back together.

it always circles back to the text

Reading backwards revitalizes a text, revealing its constructedness, its seams, edges, and working parts.

what is broken and twisted is also beautiful, and a bearer of knowledge

One important and apparent consequence of increased digitalization and, in particular, the web, is highly increased access to and availability of different types of content and media.

The study object is thus seen to be too complex or dynamic to be managed by any one discipline, and it can be argued that an approach less based on traditional institutional structure has clear advantages.

Critical cyberculture studies is, in its most basic form, a critical approach to new media and the contexts that shape and inform them

We need to be careful not to draw too far-reaching conclusions from such limited and contextually situated materia

The digital humanities comprise the study of what happens at the intersection of computing tools with cultural artefacts of all kinds.

Racial violence is invoked by historical dates

'unhomely' condition of the modem world

like to think, there is overwhelming evidence of a more transnational and translational sense of the hybridity of imagined com- munities

To develop a genealogy of the way colours and noncolours function is interesting to me.

The 'bey ond' is neither a new horizon , nor a leav ing b ehind of th e past

This fragmented body - which terms I have also introduced into our system of theoretical references - usually manifests itself in dreams when the movement of the analysis encounters a certain level of aggressive disintegration in the individual. It then appears in the form of disjointed limbs, or of those organs represented in exoscopy, growing wings and taking up arms for intestinal persecutions - the very same that the visionary Hieronymus Bosch has fixed, for all time, in painting, in their ascent [5] from the fifteenth century to the imaginary zenith of modern man.

We have only to understand the mirror stage as an identification

This meaning discloses a libidinal dynamism, which has hitherto remained problematic

eries of gestures in which he experiences in play the relation between the movements assumed in the image and the reflected environmen

This is expressed in the fact that every phantasy originally conceived on the genital level is transposed to the anal level – the penis being replaced by the faecal mass and the vagina by the rectum.

penis and vagina were represented by the faecal stick and the rectum

The baby is regarded as “lumf” (cf the analysis of “Little Hans’), as something which becomes detached from the body by passing through the bowel.

So that in this respect too a baby can be represented by the penis.

So that in this respect too a baby can be represented by the penis.

it changes into the wish for a man, and thus puts up.with the man as an appendage to the penis.

The “little one’, which originally meant the male genital organ, may thus have acquired a secondary application to the female genitals.

We call this wish “envy for a penis’

baby and penis are ill-distinguished from one another and are easily interchangeable

relation between “baby’ and “penis’.

If we penetrate deeply enough into the neurosis of a woman

sadism and anal eroticism play the leading parts.

Anal

child’s longing for the happy, vanished days when his father seemed to him the noblest and strongest of men and his mother the dearest and loveliest of women.

In this way, for instance, the young phantasy-builder can get rid of his forbidden degree of kinship with one of his sisters if he finds himself sexually attracted by her.

nd be often has no hesitation in attributing to his mother as many fictitious love-affairs as he himself has competitors.

Moreover the motive of revenge and retaliation, which was in the foreground at the earlier stage, is also to be found at the, later one. It is, as a rule, precisely these neurotic children who were punished by their parents for sexual naughtiness and who now revenge themselves on their parents by means of phantasies of this kind.

his desire to bring his mother (who is the subject of the most intense sexual curiosity) into situations of secret infidelity and into secret love-affairs.

though an erotic aim is usually concealed behind the latter too. At about the period I have mentioned, then, the child’s imagination becomes engaged in the task of getting free from the parents of whom {223} he now has a low opinion and of replacing them by others

not receiving the whole of his parents’ love, and, most of all, on {221} which he feels regrets at having to share it with brothers and sisters.

other parents are in some respects preferable to them

He gets to know other parents and compares them with his own

(that is, the parent of his own sex)

On the other hand, there is a class of neurotics whose condition is recognizably determined by their having failed in this task.

Furthermore, as I have been suggesting, the violently contradictory and volatile energies that every morning's newspaper proves to us are circulating even at this moment, in our society, around the issues of homo/heterosexual definition show over and over again how pre-posterous is anybody's urbane pretense at having a clear, simple story to tell about the outlines and meanings of what and who are homosexual and heterosexual. To be gay, or to be potentially classifiable as gay-that is to say, to be sexed or gendered-in this system is to come under the radically overlapping aegises of a universalizing discourse of acts or bonds and at the same time of a minoritizing discourse of kinds of persons

no one can know in advance where the limits of a gay-centered inquiry are to be drawn,

William Bennett's

t didn't happen; it doesn't make any difference; it didn't mean anything; it doesn't have interpretive conse-quences. Stop asking just here; stop asking just now; we know in advance the kind of difference that could be made by the invocation of this difference; it makes no difference; it doesn't mean.

there is a series of dismissals of such questions

. The word "homosexuality" wasn't coined until 1869-so everyone before then was heterosexual.

ame-sex genital relations may have been perfectly common during the period under discussion -but since there was no language about them, they must have been completely meaningless

Has there ever been a gay Shakespeare?

How much the cheering clarity of this story is indebted, however, to the scarifying coarse-ness and visibility with which women and men are, in most if not all societies, distinguished publicly and once and for all from one another emerges only when attempts are made to apply the same model to that very differently structured though closely related form of oppression, modern homophobia.

mini-canons have largely failed to dislodge the master-canon from its empirical centrality in such institutional practices as publishing and teaching, although they have made certain specific works and authors newly available for inclusion in the master-canon.

the canon of homophobic mastery.

intertext and the intersexed.

modern homosexual identity

To claim that there is no performer prior to the performed, that the performance is performative, that the performance constitutes the appearance of a “subject” as its effect is difficult to accept

It is one thing to be erased from discourse

why it is that the category becomes the site of this “ethical” choice?

Is sexuality of any kind even possible without that opacity designated by the unconscious, which means simply that the conscious “I” who would reveal its sexuality is perhaps the last to know the meaning of what it says?

I'm permanently troubled by identity categories, consider them to be invariable stumbling-blocks, and understand them, even promote them, as sites of necessary trouble

To write or speak as a lesbian appears a paradoxical appearance of this “I,” one which feels neither true nor false

There are thus two interpretations of interpretation,

problem of a discourse

the Freudian critique of self-presence, that is, the critique of consciousness, of the subject, of self-identity and of self-proximity or self-possession; and, more radically, the Heideggerean destruction of metaphysics, of onto-theology, of the determination of being as presence.

The absence of the transcendental signified extends the domain and the interplay of signification ad infinitum

If this is so, the whole history of the concept of structure, before the rupture I spoke of, must be thought of as a series of substitutions of center for center,

(I use this word deliberately).

Nevertheless, the center also closes off the freeplay it opens up and makes possible

No doubt that by orienting and organizing the coherence of the system, the center of a structure permits the freeplay of its elements inside the total form.

In this sense, this event will have the exterior form of a rupture and a redoubling

In other words, the founding act of a science can always be reintroduced within the machinery of those transformations which derive from it.

her author function exceeds her own work

given the term "author" much too narrow a meaning

StilI, we can find through the ages certain constants in the rules of author construction.

The author function does not affect all discourses in a universal and constant way, however

t was essentially an act - an act placed in the bipolar field of the sacred and the profane

Instead, we must locate the space left empty by the author's disappearance, follow the distribution of gaps and breaches,

he religious principle of the hidden meaning (which requires interpretation) and the critical principle of implicit signification, silent determinations, and obscured contents (which give rise to commentary)

In current usage, however, the notion of writing seems to transpose the empirical characteristics of the author into a transcendental anonymity.

t is not enough to declare that we should do without the writer (the author) and study the work itself

s it a work, or not? Why not? And so on, ad infinitum

s it a work, or not? Why not? And so on, ad infinitum

he mark of the writer is reduced to nothing more than the singularity of his absence;

Our culture has metamorphosed this idea of narrative, or writing, as something designed to ward off death

Writing unfolds like a game [jeu] that invariably goes beyond its own rules and transgresses its limits

First of all, we can say that today's writing has freed itself from the theme of expression.

a kind of immanent rule, taken up over and over again, never fully applied,

n Sanskrit, there is the dual.

To sum up, the word does not exist without a signified as well as a signifying element

The mechanism of signifying elements is based on differences.

juxtaposition

distinguish between 'the language' and 'languages

Whitney

The acoustic image linked to an idea - that is what is essential to the language

linguistics deals with language of every period

it will not select one period or another for its literary brilliance

Romance languages

It is purely comparative.

Ritschl's revision of the text of Plautus may be considered the work of a linguist

when we consider the historical conditions in which critical ideologies are produced, we see why feminist adaptations seem to have reached an impasse.

It would treat of the vast fecundity of motherhood, the educative and selective processes of the group-mothers, and the passion of loyalty, of social service, which holds the hives together

he very symbolic and social conceptions that appear to set women apart and to circumscribe their activities may be used by women as a basis for female solidarity and worth.

their daughters are all for sale sooner or later.

as Virginia Woolf exhorted us to do in 1928, is in a sense to make a virtue of necessity

women are still too often translators, editors, hostesses at the conference

the complacently precise and systematizing male has often been the target of satire,

Though I do not think anyone has made a credible case for feminist criticism as a viable alternative to any other made, no one can seriously object ‘to feminists continuing to try

Pedagogy of the Oppressed

"The teacher presents himself to his students as their necessary opposite; byconsidering their ignorance absolute, he justifies his existence

the signal disease of late industrial capitalism is schizophrenia.

Thestudents never find out anything for themselves and thus are rendered passive.

This relationship [teacher-student] involves a narrating Subject (the teacher) and patient,listening objects (the students).

He notes that the possessive view of the world to be found in 'the oppressors' is necrophilic.

The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it.

praxis'

anoppressor class oppresses and an oppressed class is oppressed.

a word of explanation is necessary in order to remove any ambiguity

theoretico-didactic interest

It is enough to have mentioned the existence of the necessity of the reproduction of the material conditions of production.

It is quite obvious that it is necessary to proceed towards a theory of ideologies in the two respects I have just suggested.

Here we are entering a domain which is both very familiar (since Capital Volume Two) and uniquely ignored

besides these techniques and knowledges, and in learning them, children at school also learn the ‘rules’ of good behaviour,

Remember that this quantity of value (wages) necessary for the reproduction of labour power is determined not by the needs of a ‘biological’ Guaranteed Minimum Wage (Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti) alone, but by the needs of a historical minimum (Marx noted that English workers need beer while French proletarians need wine) – i.e. a historically variable minimum.

German idealist philosopher G.W.F.Hegel, had a profound influence on Marx's own aesthetic thought.

Literature may be an artefact, a product of social consciousness, a world vision; but it is also an industry

It also examines literary texts for their 'sociological' relevance, raiding literary works to abstract from them themes of interest to the social historian.

his very first pieces of journalism argued for freedom of artistic expression.

There is nothing academic about those struggles, and we forget this at our cost.

"The poem" comes into being in the live circuit set up between the reader and "the text.

The title then refers simply to a set of black marks on ordered pages or to a set of sounds vibrating in the air, waiting for some reader or listener to interpret them as verbal symbols and, under their guidance, to make a work of art, the poem or novel or play.

The reader's attention to the text activates certain elements in his past experience

However, after a moment or two, the implied stage begins clearly to represent the world, and the actors, the world's population.

he transaction will involve not only the past experience but also the present state and present interests or preoccupations of the reader

We cannot simply look at the text and predict the poem.

These notes reflect, one might say, a rudimentary literary response, yet they already represent a very high level of organization

ience and Poetry, science is statement, poetry is pseudo-statement

ost of our criticism in literature and the arts,"

Judging a poem is like judging a pudding or a machine

f the poet succeeded in doing it, then the poem itself shows what he was trying to do.

They just had to be taught how.

he text you read on a Kindle or computer simply doesn’t have the same tangibility.

On screen, people tended to browse and scan, to look for keywords, and to read in a less linear, more selective fashion.