inexperienced

Add: You should be aware that in old mele, and in stome old texts, words that always take "ka" now were sometimes used with "ke," such as ke heiau, ke mele, ke lono. When in doubt, look for both the "ka MEA" and "ke MEA" combinations in Papakilo.

Add. "Context is always the final guide. If the meaning you find doesn't really work smoothly within the context, it is probably wrong.

The vowels from one reflext to the next are fairly stable, but be aware of ai/ei changes (e.g. laila / reira), as well as a/o (e.g. ho'o / ha'a, haka, whaka, ha'a). The length of a vowel in the various reflexes can vary. Consonants, too, are fairly stable, provided you know what to look for.

Footnote: This is exceptional. We would expect it to be ta'ata or takata.

Search for cognate words in other Polynesian languages

Add this note: "For some rare words, particularly in older texts and mele, you can find a closely related word in another Polyinesian language, particularly those closely related to Hawaiian, such as Tahitian, Maori, Rarotongan (Cook Island Maori), and Marquesan. Reflexes of words that are rarely seen in Hawaiian are often documented in the dictionaries of these languages. The meaning will probably not be identical to its meaning in Hawaiian due to "semantic drift" but sometimes you will find a definition close enough to help you figure out the appropriate meaning in the context you are examining.

Note that the Tahitian and Marquesan dictionaries are in French. If you don't read French, you can highlight a definition and use the "Translate" feature in your browser. [Add screen shot of an example]

Can we link the footnotes back to the place in the text that references them?

We should link here to the Fare Vanaa printed dictionary which does a much better job of incorporating Davies than PE does with Andrews.

I have PDFs of both the Fare Vanaa Tahitian dictionary and the Buse Cook Island Maori dictinariy that I made myself. We canʻt put them up for everyone, but if only our students have access to this site, we can put up links for both.

database

Should we add an example with a screen shot?

Link?

Add two more bullies: -Check for variant spellings with and without the glide sounds (e.g., kauā/kauwā) -If the word has two or more lexical elelments, try splitting them up or joining them together to search for mor options, e.g., makuahine / makua wahine

Add note under this chart. 1. "You should be aware that not some words with the causative prefix were spelled in different ways by different people, such as houluulu and hoouluulu (Pukui-Elbert hoʻouluulu)

Insert note above this:

Many reduplicated forms are not entered in the dictionary. If you can't find a particularly word in any of the dictionaries, analyze its form careffullly to determime if it is a possible reduplicaiton. If it is, look in the dictionary for the unreduplicated form.

Lese frequently, a duplicated form is listed in the dictionary, but the non reduplicated form is not. The definition of the non-reduplicated form will usually be similar to the reduplicated form (I will look for examples of this in my Hiiaka notes).

Step 4. Replace "South Marquesan" with "Marquesan"

the suggested steps in researching the meaning of a word that does not seem to have an appropriate definition in the Pukui-Elbert dictionary

main sites for accessing the Hawaiian dictionaries

Let's not use this, as true as it is. There are lots and lots of examples of mistaken translation in the Fornander version of Kelou Kamakau.

omit. Not because he isn't talented, but because the comment doesn't really suit the context.

Is it possible to make the footnote number link back to where the note was referred to?

Part of Speech

noun, verb -> noun-verb

Source Reference Code

Initials, abbreviations, or names that appear in parenthases are codes for the user to know what source the information is from. In this case, -> Initials, abbreviations, or names that appear in parenthesis indicate the source from which the information was taken

"au" is a pronoun. Better to pick a different example such as

"Ke hele mai nei ka ʻīlio"

I suspect that nvs. refers to statives that can also be used as nouns while vs. refers to statives that are rarely used as nouns. Let's check for examples of each.

Mamaka Kaiao is a dictionary for newly created words and a few old words that were omitted by the older dictionaries. It is not intended for translating older Hawaiian texts from 19th and early 20th centuries.

(For the history of the Andrews dictionary, refer to Schuz, "From word-list to dictionary.)"

Add a note referring the student to Schutz chapter "From Wordlist to dictinoary"

Replace with this: 1. Order of entries. Unlike Andrews, the Andrews-Parker dictionary arranges words according to the English alphabet.

1. Pronunciation. The apostrophe symbol used to indicate pronunciation is not an ʻokina but, rather, is meant to indicate word stress. Likewise, the symbols for long and short vowels usually tell us whether or not a vowel is stressed or not. Although Parker grew up speaking Hawaiian, these symbols are often misleading and are mean something different that what they mean today. The only cases wher Parker's pronuciation symbols are helpful to us today is when he indicates a final vowel is stressed or if he indicates an unexpected stressed syllable. Sinde there are a few words in Andrews-Parker that are not in Pukui-Elbert, you might have to make use of his pronuciation symbols, but do this with considerable caution. Wherever possible, see if there is a cognage in Tahitian, Maori, or Rarotongan and see how the word is pronounced there.

2. New words and definitions. Parker was a skilled orator and writer in Hawaiian and edited a Hawaiian newspaper for many years. Consequently, he encountered many many words and meanings that were not found in Andrews dictionary, some of which are also missing from the Pukui-Elbert dictionary. It is, therefore, always a good idea to check Andrews-Parker when you donʻt find contextually suitable definition in Pukui-Elbert.

3. New fefintions. For most words, Partker repeats Andrews's arrangement and defiitions. While it is relatively easy to find new words added by Parker, it is easy to miss his added definitions since these are often inserted in the midst of meanings reprinted from Andrews.

√Parker never indicates a word initial ʻokina but does often indicate the ʻokina in other positions. He uses a slightly different symbol for the ʻokina (ʻ) and the stress marker ('). Compare, for example the following two pronunciations for wau (wau and waʻu)

Pukui-Elbert: wau; Parker: wā'u (indicates that the "au" is a diphthong and that the first vowel of the diphthong is stresssed. Pukui-Elbert: waʻu; Parker:wǎʻu (indicates that "au" is not a diphthong and that there is an ʻokina betwen the "a" and the "u"

This pronuciation guide does not indicate intial ʻokina, can be difficult to use, and contains many misprints. Use it with caution and only for words whose pronciation might be different from that indicated in Pukui-Elbert.

Add an annotation for the third itmem (ă-ŏ'a) - This pronunciation is not documented in Andrews or Pukui-Elbert, who have incorrectly put it under "'aoa." It is a word found only in some old Hawaiian chants, and, according to Parker, the initial "ao" is not pronnounced as a diphthong, and the stress falls on the "o" and probably cognate with Tahitian "ʻāoa" (banyan tree).

Need a "Thinks to be a aware of when using Pukui-Elber"

1. In many words, the spelling gwas changed by Dr. Elbert in the third edition, sometimes based on the pronuciation of words in cognate languages, even when it differed from the pronunciation of most Hawaiian speakers. It is often worthwhile to compare the spelling with that found in the 2nd edition.

2. Some words and many definitions from Andrews' dictionary were not transferred into Pukui-Elbert.

3. When reading older texts (1865 and earlier), always consult Andrews if you do not see a contextually suitable meaning in Pukui-Elbert.

4. Andrews' covoerage of teh Hawaiian Bible is considerably more detailed than Pukui-Elbert.

5. There are many words in the newspapers that are not found in Pukui-Elbert. The entries in Pukui-Elbert are drawn from about 25 improtant texts, but many others remail. If no meaning in Pukui-Elbert suits the context you are translationg, you will need to continue looking elsewhere (see the section on cognages and always let context be your guide).

6. The meanings of words used in mele is particularly limited in Pukui-Elbert.

7. For a detailed critique of the Pukui-Elbert dictionary, see Shcutz VOE and Past Present, and Future of the Hawaiian Language. modern dictionary of a Pollynesian language. Because, however, this was done before Hawaiian resources were available on the internet and because only these two alone undertook the responsiblity to document the entire language, there are a few items that readers today should know.

parts of speech

fix: I think "s." = substantive, not subject. Substantive is an old way of saying noun

add note: These "parts of speech" are based on English and Latin and often are not well suited to Polynesian languages. Use with caution.

Instead of "Spiritual texts" say "biblical, or other published texts" where you can find a clear example of the word used in the sense of this definitiion

"Additional definitioniono for a different part of speech" -> Separate headword for a different part of speech

fix: "aoo as a subject" -> "aoo as a substantive

"Additional definition with a different meaning" -> separate headword for unrelated meanings of the same headword These will sometimes, though not always, represent means of words that are pronounced differently. In this case, hwoever, aoa (bark) and aoa (sheel fish) are pronounced the same (see Pukui-Elbert defnintins 1 and 2)

Add annotation for "he pupu" - "Hawaiian definition provided to Andrews by a Native Speaker.

Add anotation for "A-O-A, s.Name of a tree" Word with different pronunciation. This definition is for ʻaoa, not aoa. Andres had no way to indicate the difference in pronunciaiton..

replace with the following:

1. Order of entries. The first thing to remember in working with Andrews dictionary is that its entries are arranged according to the Hawaiian pī]āpā, not the English alphabet (like Pukui-Elbert). Some researchers have wrongly concluded that a word is not found in Andrews' dictionary simply because they looked in the wrong place.

2. Orthography. The use of the ʻokina and kahakō in spelling Hawaiian words did not become common until the 2nd half of the 20th century. Andrews published his dictionary in 1865, so that words that are distinguished today by the ʻokina and kahakō are lumped together under a single spelling. Thus, au, au, āu, ʻau, and aʻu were all defined under the headwords spelled as AU. Also, because of the way Andrews collected and assembled his data, you will often encounter the same headword multiple times, usually, but not always, with a different set of definitions. For example, there are eleven separate headwords for AU. These separate headwords are sometimes based on pronunciation differences, but sometimes words that are pronounced differently were defined under the same headword entry other words with the same pronunciation are listed under separate headword entries. Andrews worked tirelessly on his dictionary for decades, but his health failed before he was able to fully consolidate and organize all the information he had collected.

3. Missing definitions in Pukui-Elbert. There are thousands of words in Pukui-Elbert that are not found in Andrews, but there are also some words in Andrews that are not found in Pukui-Elbert, particularly those found in older others or the Bible. On the other hand, hunderds of Anderews' definitions for words found in both dictionaries were not transfered into Pukui-Elbert. Thus, when you don't find a contextually appropropriate definition for a word in Pukui-Elbert, be sure to read through all of Andrews definitions for all of the headwords (mius the ʻokina and kahakō) that might represent the 19th century spelling of the word you are researching.

4. Hawaiian definitions. Andrews often asked Native Hawaiian scholards to send him definitions of words and many of these are preserved in his dictionary. Pay particularly close attention to these because the often represent uncommoin meanings of wors as used in mele.

5. Abbreviations. Make sure you understand the abbreviations uses by Andrews. We will go over some of these in one of the following sections.

6. Andrews' word book. As he collected words, Andrews wrote them down in various notebooks together with samples of their use and, sometimes, a Hawaiian definition provided by a native speaker. Whenever you see a Hawaiian sentence or phrase in his dictionary, it probably is taken directly from his notebook. In the printed text, many of these Hawaiian language quotations contain misprints, in which case you can consult Andrews final word book which is now at the Bishop Museum, but which you can consult as an IHLRT web resource (link???).

but some of the definitions from Andrews or Andrews-Parker were omitted.

Where are the examples?

The difference between the two explanations is not immediately clear.

(insert) We rely on these three because, although there are other Hawaiian dictionaries, only these three aimed atincluding all the words found in Hawaiian.

not relevant to what you are reading.

The three comprehensive dictionaries

The the Martinez blurb: "This list of 285 Hawaiian words are spelled" -> "The 285 Hawaiian words in this list are spelled"

Benitez del Pino "A list of 219 Hawaiian words were collected in 1791 and published in 1822" -> "A list of 219 Hawaiian words was collected ..."

Urey (Yuri) Lisiansky On the title page he is listed as Urey, but everywehre else his first name is spelled "Yuri"

Andrews 1836 word list: "He also disclaims that ..." -> He also notes that

Andrews 1865 This blurb appears to include information for the 1836 word list that does not apply to the 1865 dictionay (6,000 words). - the older context -> older texts

PE 1st edition "the first dictionary co-authored by a Kanaka Maoli " - Mrs Pukui was one of the co-authors of the earlier Judd dictionary. - "Unlike its predecessors, this dictionary separates a word that has different meanings into separate entries." -> This dictionarly contains separae entries for words that were spelled the same under the old orthography, before the widespread use of the ʻokina and kahakō. - "this dictionary does not prescribe English grammatical term" -> this dictionary attempts to use grammatical categories that apply to Polynesian languages rather than to English.

PE second editon 1961 -> 1971

1964 English-Hawaiian Dictionary First sentence looks garbled. Also, is the date correct? DO we want to include English to Hawaiian? If so, we should include the Lahainaluna dictionarty too, as well as Hitchcocks. I donʻt think we need these for our chapter.

1965 Hawaiian-English Dictionary (Third Edition) This date is wrong. Third edition was 1986

Letʻs go through the history of PE together and revise the dates and blurbs.

Andrews 1974 - Leave out. Nothingnew but a not very helpful intro by Barrow.

Mamaka Kaiao 1996 "is comprised of native speakers" -> "included native speakers"

Andrews 2003 Same as before but with new intro "Most of the content in this edition has been kept the same as the original Andrews’s dictionary, however, obvious misspellings have been corrected." -> Not sure that anything was corrected. The plates are still the old oness. They might have corrected something in the time line or intro, but I think the dictionary is identical.

Be sure to read Albert Schutz's history of the Hawaiian dictionaries before ...

the print or online versions of these three dictionaries

This should only include Schutz's history of the dictionary. Everything else should be supplemental for now. Later on, we should ask them to read the prefaces to And, AP, and PE, as we introduce those dictionaries.

delete "heavily"

Third Edition

I think this is still the 2nd edition, but with the addition of the Hawaiian-English section.

2nd Edition

Mark with asterisk

Terminology. Here are some terms that are commonly used in discussing dictionaries. Refer ti this list as needed.

For some, it is infallible.

edition of the Pukui-Elbert dictionary

them

these resources and master learn to grapple with all the different kinds of information they contain.

It is from this persistence that we draw our inspiration.

They are not just tools

the various Hawaiian dictionaries

reply

meanings