praised the lay societies at a meeting of the Dyffryn Clwyd Church Society in 1853, when heargued that lay and clerics were now waking up to their responsibilities and duties. The Churchwas being revived, and one way this could be demonstrated was by looking at the number ofchurches being built or restored
slayyyyy about revival of church buildings
But it was clear from its inception, that Baner y Groes was to be a Catholic journal
CATHOLICISM and maybe a link to lord bute
The Movement even had its own Welsh-language journal, Baner y Groes, a short-livedpublication, which lasted from 1855 to 1858.This contained articles, poems, essays and reportson the Oxford Movement in Wales and on the principles of the Movement
veryyyy important SLAYYY, good for the journal and shows how important the tractarians were!!!
The leaders of theTractarian clergy in Wales were some of the most patriotic Welshmen, who helped to defend andpromote the language
SLAYYYYY shows how the gothic revival wasn't detached from Welshness
he movement and its ideas did take firm root in parts of Wales, and these ideas werespread through sermons and pamphlets, poems, hymns and catechisms
I will expand on this with my reference to buildings
The revival of French interest in Les Primitifs, pre-Raphaelite painters such as Fra Angelico and Rogier Van der Weyden, gave further credence to the idea ofmonk-artists as pure, as sel essly devoting their artistic or scholarly talents to God. Such ideals appealed toreligious and non-religious alike and contributed to the formation of many nineteenth-century ‘artisticbrotherhoods’ (like the Pre-Raphaelites in England, the Rose+Croix and the Nabis in France), which promotedidealized variations of medieval monastic traditions as an antidote to the corrupt modern world.
corruption of the modern world due to industrialisation?? A desire for beauty in the grotesque?
This can be seen in the work of John Henry Newman, a leader in the Oxford Movement, whocorresponded with French priests and re ected upon the French situation in the years leading to his verypublic conversion to Catholicism, and in the French-in uenced writing of Gerard Manley Hopkins
link for tractarians
n France, ‘the eldest daughter of the Church’, medieval religious architecture played a particularly fraught rolein a post-Revolutionary culture in which the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) had made the CatholicChurch subservient to the French Stat
any relevance in Wales???
Despite a passion for private medieval home decorating in late nineteenth-century France, there was lesspublic building of neo-Gothic architecture in France than in nineteenth-century Britain
as there was in Wales
an imagined theatrical notion of the medieval, as did HoraceWalpole at Strawberry Hill, Loti constructed the room out of salvaged fragments from medieval churches andspent at least six months studying cultural practices of the year 1470
Bute did a mix of both!
Much late nineteenth-century literary and artistic medievalism thus descends directly from the Romanticmovement’s fascination with the spectacular aspects of the Middle Ages: exotic historical settings, braveknights, colourful costumes, and love stories, but towards the end of the century curiosity about the MiddleAges was increasingly based on historical document
evident in the hope for accuracy - bute was a scholar and tried for accuracy for lots of things - the churches wanted gothic architecture to restore ecclesiastically correct stuff - pre-raphaelites wanted a purer more realistic art style
istorical novels written by women and set in the medieval past had ourished in France from theRevolutionary period. Examples include Sophie Cottin’s 1802 Mathilde, about Richard-the-Lionheart’s sisterand her experiences following him on crusade, and Marie-Adèle Barthélemy-Hadot’s 1822 Les Brigands anglaisou la bataille de Hastings
place of women?
Victor Hugo is a critical gure for the reception of the Middle Ages in France and Britain: he wrote poems,essays, and novels in defence of medieval architecture and participated on the Comité des arts et desmonuments, but perhaps even more importantly he was one of the rst and most vocal French supporters ofmedievalism, of the creative possibilities the Middle Ages could offer contemporaries
Any relevance to hugo in the buildings i'll look at?
The experience of Morris and Burne-Jones illustrates the remarkable advances made with regard to the publicaccessibility of medieval art and architecture by the 1850
Was this the same in wales? had pre-raphaelite stained-glass enabled people to appreciate this medium?
here were many French architectsinvolved in French restorations during this period, but Viollet-le-Duc would become the most internationallyvisible gure not only because of his tremendous dynamism as a restorer and organizer of exhibits for World’sFairs, but especially because of the debates surrounding his published theories on restoration, whichculminated in the highly in uential ten-volume Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIesiècle (Paris: Bance et Morel, 1851–68), the six-volume Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier français de l’époquecarolingienne à la Renaissance (Paris: Gründ et Maguet, 1858–70), and the Entretiens sur l’architecture (1863).
Pretty sure that burges was innfluenced by him!
ugo, for example,described Romanesque style as ‘stagnant’ and ‘oppressive’ in his 1831 novel Notre-Dame de Paris, thusassociating it with ecclesiastical oppression and injustice; he saw its demise as a positive evolution toward theGothic style’s ‘freedom of expression
Is this what the welsh who adopted it saw it as???
The re ection on the past encouraged by this museum profoundly in uenced visitors from all over Europe;they took the picturesque arrangements of salvaged medieval monuments they saw there as an invitation toimagine life in the Middle Ages
was this the start? iolo morganwg was before this ig
the French and English travelled back and forth across the EnglishChannel (La Manche
did industrialisation aid travel and communication enabling sharing of ideas and stuff?
n sum, the phenomenon of medievalism in nineteenth-century Germany cannot be truly understood, if onedoes not keep in mind that Germany was not a cohesive political structure until 1871. And although the MiddleAges signi ed for many a supposed time of national and confessional unity and was certainly inspirational tomany creative artists in nineteenth-century Germany as elsewhere, their main ‘purpose’ was to help create aviable, political, and social entity out of a myriad of disparate kingdoms, duchies, and cities united not only bylanguage but also by common purpose
was there any link to nationalism, formation of a connected people that related to the revival
As important as the stress on political continuity was alsothe assertion that the Gothic architectural style of the cathedral was uniquely ‘German’.
not the same in wales as it was largely english or french gothic styles imported
And indeed there was something which would ful ll theseconditions—or so it was hoped: the un nished cathedral at Cologn
was there something reflective of this in Wales???
To emphasize the unity of past and present the participants at the Wartburg dressedin what they considered to be Germanic costumes, and thus the festival came to symbolize the political,cultural, and religious purity of the Germans.
link to welsh eistedfoddu
ccording to Herder (Briefe zu Beförderung der Humanität, 1793), language is the meansby which a nation is formed. A native language encompasses the traditions and the ‘genius’ of a people, evenso-called uncultivated peoples. There is nothing more precious, for in the native language is everything thatsigni es a particular people.
relevant to wales and their languge?
hat was the beginning of Europe; the laying of the cultural, social, religious, and, to acertain extent, political foundations upon which later ages would build
the cultural beginning of europe - great change so wanted to get back to basics of how it all began
discord and con icts which it would bring about were not far off, events that wouldforever change Europe and shut the door, at least temporarily, on the Middle Ages.
Wales once more was on the brink of a new age, industrialisation picking up pace in the later half of the century, as such, the new elite, as in the norman conquest, consolidated their position in the welsh hierarchy through the building or restoration of gothic architecture, seen most famously throug bute's resotration of Castell Coch.
WHETHER viewed as the ‘Dark Ages’ or the time of Camelot, the Western European medieval period hascontinued to be an object of fascination well into the modern era.
The whole of this paragraph is quite good at an overall look at why people were drawn to medieval times
his was due in part to the encouragement givenby competitions at eisteddfodau and literary societies, which offered prizes for poems and prose works onmedieval heroes and events such as Llywelyn the Last (d. 1282) or Henry Tudor’s victory at Bosworth, bothsubjects at the Llangollen eisteddfod of 1858
Impact of broader medievalism in this? did the eistedfodu encourage them
For an excellent overview, see Martin Crampin, ʻArtistic Engagements with Medieval Decorative Arts in Wales: Recording,Interpretation and Inventionʼ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Wales, 2016), 44–60
SLAYYYY please read this!!!
ut on a much more smaller scale and only from the 1890s
NOPE - we see gothic revival buildings long before this, with the restorations of castell coch and llnadaff cathedral alongside manner smaller churhces yk?
elebration of the medieval Welsh past served, not as a justi cation for political self-determination, but rather as a vindication of Wales’s honourable place in a union with England or Great Britain(even if that might involve a measure of home rule
honourable place - so they needed gothic architecture yk?
The Catholicism of medieval Wales could also causediscomfort among both Anglican and Nonconformist writers
interesting for tractarians?
Likewise, albeit on a much smaller scale, attempts to revive Roman Catholicism in Walesclaimed early Welsh saints and other aspects of the medieval Welsh Christian heritage
Welsh saints?
In Wales, a version of this had been developed by sixteenth-century Protestant churchmen, who argued that the Reformation had restored the early British or WelshChurch, an idea that continued to be promoted by Anglicans in the Victorian period
Would this fit with the tractarians and introduction of the gothic? How the nonconformists eventually weilded to the style as it was 'ecclesiastically accurate'?
William Rees’s Lives of the Cambro-British Saints (1853
Saints
s Rice Rees declared in 1836: ‘So numerous are the Welsh saints, that their history is in a manner theecclesiastical history of their time’
Interesting quote for pre-raphaelite glass
which built on ideas elaborated in the early modern period (with medieval antecedents,especially in the Irish case), was the portrayal of the two countries’ early ecclesiastical history as an age ofsaints
engagement of the era of saints? Could this link to the pre-raphaelite love of saint stained-glass windows? Especially as there's a lot of obscure local saints within the windows
urthermore, Edward Williams (Iolo Morganwg; 1747–1826) had promoted primitivistideas by arguing that the Welsh bards
Evidence of engagement with broader medieval past
Yet the ensuing subjection to Englandwas made palatable, rst, by the accession of the partly Welsh Henry VII to the English throne in 1485 and,second, by Henry VIII’s Acts of Union (1536–43), which not only gave the Welsh the same legal rights as theEnglish but providentially opened the way for the Protestant Reformation.
Welsh looked to their past with pride of welshness and less discrimination than Ireland
he closest Wales came to the latter cities in the early and mid-Victorian period was Swansea, with its RoyalInstitution of South Wales,
Wales lacked the insitutions that even wales did, Pryce alluding this lack of metropolis and leading to a reduction in gothic revival and general interest in medievalism
Damning verdicts onthe Welsh language and Nonconformist religion in reports on education in Wales, popularly known as the ‘BlueBooks’ (1847), helped to mobilize a politically committed Nonconformity, aimed at ending Anglican dominancethrough the disestablishment in Wales of the Church of England: moves for greater political self-determinationwere limited to calls towards the end of the century for Welsh home rule by the ultimately abortive Cymru Fyddor Young Wales movement within the Liberal Party.910111213p. 21814151
Significance of the 'blue books' 1847, which saw nonconformity strengthened and seeking legitimacy while attempts were made to crush anglicanism --> did this lead to a greater strengthening of anglicanism/tractarianism/gothic revival architecture to combat this increased nonconformity and innflux of english people into the thignie
Huw Pryce, J. E. Lloyd and the Creation of Welsh History: Renewing a Nationʼs Past (Cardi : University of Wales Press, 2011),85, 87–91
Reading?
wo main phases of cultural endeavour have also been identi ed in Wales, bothof which included a signi cant engagement with the Middle Ages. The early Victorian period witnessed thecontinuation by patriotic Anglicans of efforts, begun in the second decade of the nineteenth century, to reviveWelsh culture through Cambrian societies and provincial eisteddfodau as well as the formation of the WelshManuscript Society (1837) and Cambrian Archaeological Association (1847). However, in the second half of thecentury, as part of a wider shift in Welsh society, Nonconformists became more prominent in the eisteddfodmovement and other cultural spheres; moreover, a self-conscious sense of national revival, focused above all oneducation, became increasingly palpable from the 1870s and further stimulated interest in the nation’s earlyand medieval origin
Interesting, this could link to how initial gothic revival was by anglicans, but towards the end of the period, we see nonconformists starting to have their own chapels in the gothic style rather than the more bland decoration that was common
Welsh medievalism is a relatively underexplored eld’
Good quote to show how it isn't looked at much
In plain language, structure as symbol; design ascommunication.
what did the buildings communicate to the surroundings around them? did it consolidate status? try to impose religous values? What was it that these architects were trynna communicate?
lmost single-handedly, he re-established “High VictorianDecorative Art’ as a category worthy of scholarly stud
importance of high victorian art when it had been largely neglected before
Any government which manoeuvres to block therecovery of other countries cannot expect help from u
clearly a dig at the soviets
Our policy isdirected not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty,desperation, and chaos
sus, they dont want the commies
REPORT FROM BRITAIN BY JACKIE COOPER ( aka PEOPLE FROM BRITAIN ) reel 2 (1951
newsreel for freferencing
ROME, May 1-Millions of workers gathered peacefully today in the cities and towns of Italy to celebrate the May Day "feast of labor."
Primary source for italy religion and socialisation
n discussions within our own circles and among the wider German public, we must proceed from the fact that the Social Market Economy, after a phrase in which it expressed itself in the economic reconstruction of our country, in an undreamt-of push in the direction of a higher standard of living, and in the improvement of social conditions, is now entering into a second phase
had succeeded in economic reconstruction and higher standard of living, evident in contemporary photographs of the time
Its situation is determined by the fact that the speed of our progress in all areas of production, which technology has accelerated beyond comparison, and a mass society that is both mobilized and threatened by this development, are pressing for a balance within the framework of a free world.
their economic style has enabled them to take advantage of modern technology
he state of tension and conflict in our society is of course subject to change over time and requires that the respective strategic formulas for this irenic balance be continually sought anew so that they are up to their task.
Muller-Armack going as far to suggest the importance of the economic model as providing social, as wel las economic, stability since its intrudction in 1946
From 1951 to 1961 West Germany’s gross national product (GNP) rose by 8 percent per year—double the rate for Britain and the United States and nearly double that of France—and exports trebled.
REFERENCE FOR GNP
This was theargument that the extremely poor European harvest of 1947 was a majorcause of Europe's growing deficit on dollar trade and of Europe's hunger, andthus of the alleged economic crisis and of the U.S.government's decision toinitiate the aid program. Kindleberger insists that this earlier view is correct,arguing that agricultural bureaucrats would have been aware of the poorharvest in advance and would have purchased large imports in the summer of1947.17
could be possibly useful for economics?
h u t Borchardt and Christoph Buchheim in a different counterfactualapproach explore the impact of dollar imports on the West German textileindustry in the Marshall Plan period. They argue that in this case Marshallaid was indeed crucial to recovery, not so much because the imports wouldnot otherwise have been obtained but because of the confidence which itgave to entrepreneurs to acquire stocks and to commit themselves to longproduction runs.16
interesting for the long-run ---> could use this as a case study for west german economics and the Marshall plan as a second counter
“a serious crisis in productionthat would have come with the collapse of critical dollar imports” and that“signs of this were apparent early in 1947” @. 431). What signs? He offers
interesting counter for economics historiography
The outcome of this calculation was that the West European countries,again with the exception of France and the Netherlands, would have beenable to obtain the same supply of capital goods and vehicles from the dollarzone as they did under Marshall aid and within the same period of time
interesting for economics
I therefore constructed a second counterfactualin which, had therebeen no Marshall aid, the same European countries would still have had thedollar/gold resources to obtain half the value of their total dollar importsduring the Marshall Plan period
interesting? good for the economics bit
This, of course, would be compatible withHogan's argument that the Marshall Plan was the vehicle through whichAmerican diplomacy expressed support for the new political consensus inWestern Europe after the wa
slayyyyyyy
This boom was sustained even in the face of rapidly worseninginternational payments balances in 1947 in several countries, notably inItaly, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom
interesting
he Keynesian reply from the ECA andsome, not all, European governments, that providing aid for otherwiseunpurchasable imports from the United States would increase productivityby increasing output and thus enhancing economies of scale became part ofthe ideology of the Marshall Plan and of the 1950
slay
on a multilateral international trade-and-paymentssystem to beeventually brought into operation
says that was one of the marshall plan's aims
his conclusions proven?With what Hogan has to say about the relationship of the ECA and ofAmerican policies under the Marshall Plan to the trends in postwar politicsthere can be no quarrel. Other scholars working independently on moredetailed areas have also demonstrated that what the Marshall Plan supportedin Western Europe was the politico-economic stance which was soon to becalled “Keynesian”;a conscious effort to regulate the level of demand in theeconomy by fiscal adjustments, supplementary countercyclical policies tomaintain high and stable levels of employment, the pursuit of higher levelsof welfare both as a good in themselves and as a way of sustaining demand,and, the aspect on which Hogan lays the greatest emphasis, a corporatistassociation of government and industry in the pursuit of what was thoughtto be the common welfar
SLAY milward agrees that the marshall plan was significant in aiding a trend in postwar politics of Keynesian style, encouraging international bodies to stregnthen relations
He concludes alsothat although the contribution of American capital to West Europeaneconomic recovery was only marginal, this was, nevertheless as Schuker hadearlier argued, the “crucial margin” that made recovery possible
SLAY
To my knowledge there are no relevant archival materials theauthor has left unexplored in the United States and the United Kingdom andhe has used them w
but, we don't have archival evidence for western germany or italy
but also to deter the rise to power ofcommunist parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union.
slay, can use this hogan quote for the italy section!
The American historian Michael J. Hogan contends that Marshall Aid was crucialto both the economic and political stability of the continent in the late 1940s.
Girly pops slayyy for historiography
Since full employment could not be achieved by relying onmarket forces and the simple balance between supply and demand as suggestedby classical economists, Keynes concluded that public investment and expenditure
Such governments, Jackson (date, p.96) argues, were innfluenced by the economis Keynes, who highlighted how 'active government intervention and regulation' could ensure full employment. (then give an example)
o proclaim a viable alternative to the market economy in theirpolitical manifestos
This was seen in the CDU's socail market economy plan thats in ghdi SLAYY
From the outset, the governments of the EC memb
intergration
fter the collapse of the Third Reich, Germany experienced a brief but intensive phase of religious renewal and an accompanying turn toward Christianity. In West Germany, the Catholic Church played an important public role in the immediate postwar period because it seemed to have been less corrupted by National Socialism than other religious and cultural entities. This photo shows Cardinal Joseph Wendel celebrating a pontifical mass on Marienplatz in Munich. Photo by Felicitas Timpe
potential good photo for the use of catholicism in everyday life in western germany
Musician Udo Lindenberg describes the electrifying impact that Elvis’s music had on him the first time he heard it on the radio. For Lindenberg, then a teenager, it was an introduction to the still unfamiliar rhythms of rock ’n’ roll music. This was the beginning of an infatuation that would eventually lead him to a career as one of West Germany’s leading pop stars
americanisation of west germany
Against the backdrop of the “zero-hou
german economic miracle photo - might not be the most useful
g people who refused t
rebel german teens
With the outbreak of the Korean War in June of 1950, security, and yet more disputed rearmament, became the dominant theme of domestic politics in the Federal Republic. Taken in Bonn, this photograph shows various posters in support of the planned European Defense Community (EDC), under which all member states' militaries would be integrated, lessening fears about an independent German military. It
evidence of rearmament in germany
For strategic reasons, Adenauer’s CDU ran an election campaign that linked the anti-Communist SPD to Communism by alluding to its Marxist tradition
shows importance of anti-communism in reconstruction of politics
4. We aim to promote foreign trade by all possible means. We support the Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program
SLAY - shows how, even if governments decided what to do, they were innfluenced by the marshall plan. the fact that the plan is mentioned in their economic strategy highlights the importance of the dollar, it's connection to 'promot[ing] foreign trade' clear in the fact that these dollars were to be used to trade with america, an outcome that america had hoped for to strengthen its own economy
Performance-based competition must be secured by law. Monopolies and holders of economic power must be subject to an institutionally based, independent control authority that answers only to the law. 2. We aim for legal measures that foster genuine responsibility in the business community. 3. Legal measures must be implemented to ensure stricter reporting requirements, particularly for incorporated companies.
great reference to 'law' placing the legality (and thus legitimacy) of their actions
he “social market economy” is the socially anchored law for the industrial economy, according to which the achievements of free and able individuals are integrated into a system that produces the highest level of economic benefit and social justice for all.
changing role of state and the state's innfluence in economic matters - this shows how the marshall aid had different impacts in different countries, if economic revival was solely down the the marshall plan, then a similairity in outcomes would be clear - Britain, Western Germany and Italy all saw vastly different outcomes, this was due to the decisions of their governments in how to reconstruct their economy.
We call upon all who profess allegiance with us and who share our determination to rebuild the country. Trusting fully in God, we aim to create a bright future for our children and grandchildren.
deeply rooted in christian faith, but also in labour mvovements and stuff, it is difficult to seperate the reconstruction of western germany from the innfluence of the church
must pave the way for good-faith cooperation with other nations. In all this, we hope that the occupying powers will appreciate the infinite distress of the German people. We also hope for their expert assistance in reviving the German economy.
here we see looks for better international relations - this was two years prior to the marshall plan - the marshall plan may've helped but it didn't instigate a feeling of the need to come together that was already strong post war
haritable work must be able to develop unhindered
changing role of the state - welfare in germany still largely relied on the church and then through expanded insurance schemes - this was different in the UK with the birtihs government taking a more interventionist approach, the NHS payed from special taxes, all recieving the same treatement regardless of contribution
We call for spiritual and religious freedom of conscience, independence of all church communities, and a clear separation of church and state.
differenec from before with church being established i think?
n June 26, 1945, former members of the Catholic Center Party, along with politicians who had been close to the bourgeois resistance during the Third Reich, founded the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a new kind of supra-confessional omnibus party [Sammlungspartei]. Unlike those parties affiliated with particular confessions during the Weimar Republic, the CDU sought to appeal to Catholics and Protestants in equal measure. Although the party was bourgeois in character, it had important roots in the Christian labor union movement.
background on christian democracy in western germany
AbstractThis CDU election commercial was broadcast before the 1961 Bundestag elections
anti-communist advert for primary source
Because the program did not yet have an official name, the press called it the Marshall Plan. As a precondition, the U.S. specified that the Europeans were responsible for coordination and cooperation among themselves, whereupon the interested countries assembled at the Conference on European Economic Cooperation and worked out a common economic program. The Eastern Bloc countries were invited to participate but were pressured to decline. On April 3, 1948, President Truman signed the Economic Cooperation Act, putting the European Recovery Program (ERP) – as the Marshall Plan was now officially called – into motion. The plan provided for approximately thirteen billion dollars in aid. On April 16, 1948, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation emerged from the Conference on European Economic Cooperation. It purpose was to coordinate the distribution of aid funds. The Marshall Plan was accompanied by an elaborate media campaign. Through films, newsreels, and traveling exhibitions, European audiences were informed of the origins, goals, and effects of the ERP. Posters like the one pictured below were supposed to make people aware of the advantages of the Marshall Plan – in this case, the cooperation of Western European governments across international borders.
very good source for the marshall plan's help in facilitating international relations!
This caricature from Der Simpl, a satirical newspaper published in the American occupation zone, appeared in February 1948, two months before Truman signed the Economic Cooperation Act. Drawn by H. Beyer, the image shows “Europe” in the form of an impoverished, emaciated (and presumably widowed) woman in tattered black clothes. With a small bag, no shoes, and nothing more than an umbrella for protection, she sits on steps of the U.S. Capitol, where Congress is apparently in session. The caption at the bottom reads: “The Marshall Plan is being discussed
Presented in a 1948 caricature published in the American zone of Germany as an emancipated widow stricken by poverty awating the american verdict, many Europeans saw themselves as idk like deralitct andin need of aid, the Marshall Plan
potential conclusion??? While new archival evidence has corrected prior overassumtions of the devastation of Western Europe, Marshall Plan still proved vital in the restructuring of Europe, american dollars, innfluence and political cohersion proving significant in the long-term economic, political and social reconstruction of Western Europe. Nevertheless, while the marshall Plan was highly significant, each country examined was impacted in different ways. Furthermore, the plan did not act in a vacuum, the changing role of the state and continued innfluence of Christianity (in its various forms) highly significant in the reconstruction of each state individually.
Indeed by giving more power to adirectorate of Great Powers and less to the assembled membership, the neworganization represented more of a return to nineteenth-century practicethan an advance to a new kind of global collective diplomacy
interesting note for internationalism
At the same time, the hopesevident in the 1990s of a new more central role for the United Nations andother international bodies redirected attention to the post-1945 years in theemergence of a new world order, and a redefinition of internationalism itselfafter the gloom of the 1930s and the Nazis’ own commitment to racial dif-ference rather than universal values
here is more talk of the reconstruction of europe with more tight international relations within the west
evisionist accounts were inclined to seethe Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan as the turning-poin
revisionists are keen to say that the cold war started with the marshall plan
With the outbreak ofthe Korean War in June 1950, the American political establishment began aswift rearmament program and pushed the Europeans to do the same.
military - was this the marshall plan or not was it due to the innfluence of the marshall plan
his issue was gradually resolved, and theresult, in April 1949, was NATO, composed of twelve members.21 It would nothave been created without Bevin’s determination and the bungling tactics ofthe Soviets; but NATO also sprang from a shared belief that the economiccommunity being created by the Marshall Plan would be strengthened by amutual defense pact alongside it
facilitate by the marshall plan as it'd made everyone besties, so wanted a back up plan if everyone started having a ruck with the soviets
By the end of the London meetings in June 1948,the United States had brought Britain, France, and the nascent German leader-ship toward a consensus on creating a West German state, partially sovereign,and linked to the West by economic integration
here i guess it kinda says how the marshall plan helped creat western germany- no longer was it just the bizones of soviets, france, america and france, but a combination of western states under the guidance of the us
FromFebruary to March, and then again from May to June, the conferees negotiatedprecisely how the new Germany was to be both controlled and granted somepolitical and economic autonomy.
In trying to figure out the economic revival of WG, the countries came together more and more to discuss stuff - so ig this would show integration maybe??
From a political point of view, then,Marshall’s speech marked the birth announcement of a West German state,though in fact that achievement lay two years in the future
could be a slay - in like, the formation of the seperation and international relations of europe!
Marshall aid gave the Christian Democrats (and their Socialistallies) in France, Italy, and later West Germany a chance to bring home thebacon
SLAYYYY for religion!!!
In France, Britain, Italy, and Germany, Marshall aid was deployed bynational governments in a context framed by national politics and priorities:Washington could cajole, and sometimes insist, but the real decisions on howto deploy the aid were left to European governments
while the Marshall Plan enabled some american innfluence (as seen in the 1948 italian elections), Hitchcock highlights how decisions on how aid was used were ultimately left to native governments. While America certainly wished to assert its dominance ovre the West, salvaging them from the pull of communism, it did not wish to become the dictators of Europe, merely it's 'benevolant' uncle sam.
Marshall Plan freight cars arrive at the German town of Furth im Wald, nearthe Czech borde
potential primary source - kinda weak tho
In the 1950s, industrial production tripled and unemployment sankfrom over 10% to less than 4%. Exports increased so much – sixfold – that, by1960, the FRG was responsible for 10% of the world’s total exports, more thanBritain and second only to the United States. From 1950 to 1960, the GNPincreased at an average annual rate of 7.9%. Surely, this swift recovery owessomething to Marshall aid
good stats for economics of west germany
In the ten yearsfrom 1948 to 1958, West Germany passed through a transformation so great, soswift, that it soon came to be called the Wirtschaftswunder – “economicmiracle.
Known as the Wirschaftswunder (economic miracle) in Western Germany, the marshall Plan was hugely important to the recovery of West Germany.
Italy during theMarshall Plan period offers little support to the legend of an American rescueof postwar Europe. Italians took the aid but failed to use it well – and theAmericans discovered to their surprise that they had little leverage to compelItaly to do so
interesting!! could be my counter argument for economy!!!! furthermore, while economic aid from the Marshall Plan was not as significant in Italy, even Britain, its economy already exceedingly large, saw itself boosted, but not revolutionised by these dollars.
Moreover, Italy did not lay out a long-term plan for recoveryuntil 1955 – three years after the end of the Marshall Plan
The fact that the marshall Plan ended in 1968 could also heighten our question of its importance - need to look at the long-term impact
The Italian government therefore looked upon American aid with somecaution. Of course, the aid itself was welcome, especially the large quantitiesof bread grains, oil and coal, cotton, and machinery that the ERP providedfrom 1948 to 1951. At the same time, however, Einaudi steadfastly refused toaccept American advice on using Marshall aid to “kick-start” the Italianeconomy
While the marshall plan was significant in providing dollars to buy raw materials in Britain and West Germany, the italian government were not as keen, fearing that a 'large state-financed investment program' would result in innflation (Hitchcock, unknown p.162)
taly’s experience in the Marshall aid period was altogether different fromthat of Britain and France
interesting!
2. Industrial production in countries receiving Marshall aid, 1947–1950 (1938 = 100).Source: United Nations, Economic Survey of Europe in 1950 (Geneva, 1951), 30–3
could be useful for economic statistics! Furthermore, while providing crucial dollars, the marshall Plan also facilitated American innfluence, the American factory system as seen in giants like Ford increasingly adopted to much success in countries like italy - could look at the modernisation of the type writer too (this is from the video we watched - however, the success is demonstrated in just one industry so it doesnt show all and also talk of the provinance of the video too!).
arshall aid was essential,however, in addressing Europe’s serious dollar shortfall in 1947, which wascreated, as Milward definitively showed, by Europe’s sudden resurgence: inrestarting production, Europeans began to draw in products and raw mate-rials from overseas that they could not yet pay for, their dollar reserveshaving been long depleted.
While newer archival evidence has made clear that the marshall Plan was not responsible for restarting economic growth, Hitchcock, (unknown, p.7) has highlighted the invaluable provision of dollars, a neccesity for the payment of products and raw materials needed to restart production.
n fact, thanks to the detailed research of Milward andnumerous other scholars working in the archives of West European states, itis evident that the Marshall Plan was not, strictly speaking, necessary to restartthe European economies
could talk of the importance of archival material in providing clear views of stuff
Nonetheless, throughout the summer of 1947, Europeans were talk-ing openly and passionately about a plan for continental recovery in whichCEEC states would work together: this marked a major turning point in thehistory of postwar Europe
good quote for the intergration, changing role of state and unity for reconstruction!!!
Marshall could have had no illusions that the Soviet Union wouldperceive his European aid plan as an affront and an open break with four-power policies in Germany, which it was
could have an example of how the marshall plan led to the division of Europe in to east and west, marshall knew that the soviets would not agree to the aid which would then isolate themsevles from the thing - this was also aided with a general mood of dislike of communism across Europe, felt especially in the Church --> link to christian democracy
“the revival of a working economy in the world so as topermit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institu-tions can exist.”
SLAY PRIMARY SOURCE FROM THE MARSHALL SPEECH
Brough to life in Marshall's 1947 Speech, the Marshall Plan was a scheme for providing Europe with financial aid, the stability of Europe (and Germany in particular) a neccesity for the US to retain its worldwide position (Hitchock, unknown, p.3).
It was far more than aforeign aid program. It represented the first stage in the construction of thatcommunity of ideas, economic links, and security ties between Europe andthe United States we know simply as “the West.
it was significant in providing ties between europe and america, especially as after ww1 US adopted isolation
Furthermore, the role of the Marshall Plan in exacerbating, perhaps precip-itating, the division of Europe is now recognized, despite Marshall’s initialclaim that his offer of aid was not directed against any country or doctrine.
Marshall Plan aided in the division of eastern and western europe with it's hate of communism
We also hope for their expert assistance in reviving the German economy.
overall, the extract is quite good in saying how religion played a big role in reconstructing Europe. but this line here also even hints to the importance of the marshall plan in enable economic reconstruction. while the church themselves sought to fix the morale decay of the people , yhe huty from years under hitler etc, the marshall plan was heavily significant more broadly across western Europe in enabling each state to rebuild economically.
i guess another pro for the marshall plan could be americanisation - while the marshall plan had given financial aid, it also cemented an american presence throughout europe, fundamentally changing aspects of european culture, particularly amoung the youth. could maybe use a picture or film? furthermore, such americanisation (which was largely consumerism) was enabled because of the financial recovery, teenagers only able to rebel in that way because of their new spending power to purchase music and clothing! ooo ngl this is kinda good - yayy meeee !
In 1945 Europe lay in ruins after six years of war, and the task of moralreconstruction seemed almost as urgent as the more obvious economic tasks.
This could be a good line for the Marshall Plan question!
While the Marshall plan was a significant factor in the reconstruction of Europe, it was not the sole one.
While the marshall plan may have been vital to the economic revovery of Europe, it was not just the economy that needed to be resturctured, McLeaod (1997 quoted in Open University, p.1) highlighting the 'moral reconstruction' of Western Europe, at which the religious insitutions of the Catholic and Protestant Churches were the most important. Nevertheless, while some may highlight the importance of the church in the moral reconstruction of Western Europe, others may highlight the increased secularisation of Europe, with (idk capitalist?) activities and mindsets reducing adherment to the church in states like Britain, this mindset arguably aided by the Marshall Plan.
As such, in terms of the moral reconstruction of Western Europe, the Marshall Plan played a very insignificant role, the organisationalpower and innfluence of the Christian Churches, although waning,
GATT
GYATT
growth. 42
Stop reading
For all their many virtues, the reforms of 1968, in intention and execution,amounted to only the liberalization of a Leninist regime, the gradual wid-ening by the ruling elite of 'the non-prohibited zone, the sphere of thingspermitted, the space where people can feel themselves more or less free'.1Dubcek repeatedly spoke only of expanding priestor, which can be roughlytranslated as 'space' or 'scope', to allow wider participation
I guess they wanted to make life more private then? So could use this as an argument that in czechoslovakia, there were varying levels of privacy throughout the period, by the 1968 reforms, hope for privacy was evident, the expander of space for people was good
Yes, it is,’ she says, ‘when you become conscious of it. But the strangething is it’s only now, in this room, that I feel the shudder run down myspine. At the time I criticised other things – not being allowed to study orhave a career
control, she wasn't able to do what she wanted in life due to the state
In a way though, how we lived was quite good – we didn’t have to submitourselves to the sorts of structures and authority that we couldn’t trust here.We managed.
by being out of it tho, the had some freedom
Miriam said something provocative and he stood upsuddenly, lifting his arm up to take off the guitar strap. He was probably justgoing to say ‘That’s outrageous’, or tickle her or tackle her. But she wasgone. She was already down in the courtyard of the building. She does notremember getting down the stairs – it was an automatic flight reaction.Charlie came out to coax her back up. He was distraught. She surprisedthem both with her tics in the first years they were together.6
Interesting! how some epsecially those who had been repremarnded, were left with mental scars that, even if they were not being watched, made them feel that way.
undress, leave theclothes she came in and take in her hands the blue and yellow striped5
no private life if they were a prisoner especially
In East Germany, information ran in a closed circuit between thegovernment and its press outlets. As the government controlled thenewspapers, magazines and television, training as a journalist was effectivelytraining as a government spokesperson. Access to books was restricted.Censorship was a constant pressure on writers, and a given for readers, wholearnt to read between the lines. The only mass medium the governmentcouldn’t control was the signal from western television stations, but it tried
no private life of enjoying books or personal improvment through non-fiction - this included the bible i think
he next day, one of the parents rangthe police.‘Why would you call the police about some junk mail?’ I ask.‘Because they were silly, or maybe they were in the Party, who knows?
shows how people would inform on one another
Sometimes, I wonder what it would belike to be German
The girl is technically german (east german) - people still talk to her as if being 'german' is a thingl but its clear she doesn't think that - has the soviet union erased any sense of uniqueness? No longer private life of onesself, it was taken away.
Yet, since even in 1945 it was believed to be dangerousto speak of occupation in public, people normally spoke about “thefront”: this happened “before the front,” that “after the front.” eventhose conservative gentlemen who hated the arrow Cross movementand blamed them for the destruction of Budapest, mourned the sadHungarian fate of always being on the wrong side.
FEER TI EXPRESS THEMSELVES
For example, inde-pendent art associations were outlawed in 1929, while “socialist real-ism” became obligatory in arts only at the Congress of the Writers’Union in 1934.
Link to TMA04 about private life?
Also due to the leading architects of the day - agreed that Pugin's inclusion of stained glass in his advocacy of a return to the Gothic style of architecture was the main factor in stimulating a renwed interest inthe art, since the revival of Gothic forms of Church-building included the provision of stained glass windows as an integral part of it. And just as Pugin lambasted the 'pagan' classical churches of his day, so others deplored the parlous state of the stained glass, much of it destroyed during the Reformation and Commonwealth periods, and then generally neglected.
Reasoning for stained glass... people needed new places of workship, developing economy provided new resources, improvements in transport meant transportation of stained glass across england --> however, wouldn't be of use without the revival of religious feeling!
while major landowners andindustrialists played a leading part, many other sections of society added memorial windows. can't be certain how far people innfluenced them...chevalier lloyd was very muchso! Look at st Curig's church - good stained glass windows and possible correspondence to talk about See: Chevalier J. Y. W. Lloyd, Burlison and Grylls and the Windows of Llangurig Church: The Relationship of Patron and Manufractuerer in Victorian Ecclesiastical Art by james Stirk 1989 Montgomeryshire. lots were innfluenced by their clergeymen!
Reasoning for increase? population requiring new places of worship
p.116 talks of stained glass only really boomed from 1840s, which correlates with both medievalism/gothic revival, blue books and pre-raphaelites!
It issignificant, nevertheless, that by the end of the decade the word ‘medievalism’ could beused in a much less judgemental way (to describe the whimsy of Dante GabrielRossetti’s paintings, for example). There was then a domestication of the medieval atthis time, a reclaiming of the period to make it part of the story of British history
How did this work in Wales? Was the Gothic revival not as present due to a fear of Catholicism and strong nonconformism? Did Bute help gentilify it?
that ‘an ageadvanced to the highest degree of refinement’ should be curious about ‘the transitionsfrom barbarism to civility’.
Did Wales only partake in the Gothic revival fully by the endof the period as they now felt themselves civilised with mertropolitan centres?
With Warton and Percy, thischanged, and the fact that in the nineteenth century (as still today) there was a positiveconception of a romantic Middle Ages to counterpose to a barbaric Middle Ages waslargely due to their work and that of their immediate followers, pre-eminently WalterScott.
With the founding of a 'romantic' middle ages, the () of gothic archetecture was revived in england, while artisticatributes of medieval religious art were adopted by the Pre-raphaelites. But how much of an impact did this make on Wales. Unlike England, Wales had a () of barbarism, and as such, it is possible that gothic architecture was not recieved as warmly by the Welsh. However, this did not mean that the country was bereft of contributions to this movement. Perhaps the most oppulent and well-preservediscastle coch by (blah). but was it Welsh in character?
Alternatively, Wales boasted many gothic revival churches, often restorations of authentic medieval churches, although many were built too. While the style itself was largely English, the movement saw some of the first Welsh speaking architects involved, with john jones first building a chapel in blah, and ten going on to aid the building of crystal palace in blah. While an image of liberal nonconformity has come to present the Welsh of the victorian period, not all who were proud to be Welsh were nonconformists, the scathing () of the 'blue books' actually written by an anglican. As such, could we argue that such building came from the Welsh people also, inspired, like many across Europe, to return to medieval architecture in a time of great change.
Interestingly
n News from Nowhere (), composed in the medieval form of adream vision, William Morris shows his commitment not just to medieval politics andeconomics but also to style. When ‘William Guest’, a dreamer from the nineteenthcentury, finds himself in the peaceful, prosperous, and healthy England of the future, heasks how it is governed and receives the answer ‘the whole people is our parliament’
Interesting, what is the link to wales? Was he innfluenced by lady guest?
babelicious babes xoxo
mong those advocating radical political reform for Britain in the late eighteenthand nineteenth centuries, appeals to medieval history are very common.
was it common in Wales
‘I shall desire you would take notice of the Windows, especially in the Church’supper part, which both for the Glass and Iron-work thereof are well worthy yourobservation’.¹⁷ He then records the subject of every window and the Latin verses thatexplain the parallelisms between the Old and New Testament scenes. Somner’sAntiquities offers an unprecedented way of looking at a medieval church: historicallyknowledgeable, articulate, appreciative, and contextua
Link to my own usage of churches/stained glass as a show of the gothic revival
the ‘Norman yoke’, the beliefthat the pre-Conquest English had enjoyed basic liberties subsequently overridden bytheir Norman overlords
With the norman yoke, i guess even the english disliked the norman conquest - like the Welsh they liked pre-conquest.
scholars’ efforts were linked to a burgeoning sense of national identity as well asto the assertive separation of the English Church from its Roman Catholic ties.
Does this apply to Wales?
the Arthurian tradition could also be mobilized for other ideologicalpurposes
Maybe it could be - the mobilisation of King arthur? idk, i dont really think wales did much?
Yet Prise was also able to bring forth early Welsh references to Arthur by the bardsTaliesin and Myrddin, and to cite the evidence of Welsh place-names and oraltradition. As Prise points out, ‘If all those famous men, about whom it will never bepossible to produce so many and such great pieces of evidence or records as areavailable for Arthur, were to be totally erased from our collective memory, a hugecrowd of distinguished people would undoubtedly have to be got rid of in a mightyjettisoning of antiquity.’¹⁸ Prise was not alone in this perception, and it must have beenshared by many, like Holinshed, who found themselves able neither to defend Arthurnor to discard him. For if Arthur were to be jettisoned, how many other figures ofBritish antiquity—from the Trojan Brutus to King Lear, King Lud, and old King Cole—would fall with him
SLAY Good for the historicity of king arthur in Wales andthe neccessity for Welsh sources for arthur to form in England.
A far more capable and learned defence of Arthur’s existence was undertaken by theWelsh scholar Sir John Prise, whose Historiae Britannicae Defensio was published someeighteen years after the author’s death in
Welshman defends historical arthur in tudor times
Chapter 1 Tudor king arthur
chronicler struggles to preserve arthur as a historical British hero. Funny how in the tudor period, he looms so largely as a figure of national and imperial identity, but with little to say about him
1485 looked like a gateway opening for the Arthurian future, newly crowned Henry VII conscious of Arthur as an ally -->Welsh authors of prophetic ppeotry praised 'harri tudur' as reviver of Britain's ancient glory, he wasn't always associated with arthur tho, and hisname carried less weight in medieval Welsh literature, more though of as the offspring of TrojanBrutus andlast British King Cadwalardr!
however, amoung English idea that the welsh awaited KA (king arthur) was entrenched and he was anacceptable face of Welsh nationalism. Henry even named his son arthur! he was fairly prominent in iconography ofearly tudors, good international rep and could be used to smothe relationships with Welsh and contitnental powers arthur was then used politiclly, especially in the reformation as having pure christianity.
Often presented as a pictersque backdrop to host the Gothic revival of the English, this dissertation aims to bring to light the role of the Welsh in the broader Gothic and medieval revival in Europe. While credited to England, Wales arguably played a role artisticly and creatively, with Welsh text trnaslations forming the subject of (idk pre-raphaelite) paintings, while pre-conquest welsh attributes appropriated by the English. As such, we may argue that the Gothic Revival had far more of a Welsh flavour than previously imagined.
They also stress, however, that influence worked in both directions:just as English artists travelled to France to be inspired by medieval art and architec-ture, so French scholars journeyed to Britain to transcribe manuscripts
Did a similar thing happen in Wales? By how much did the translation of the Mabinogi innfluence the broader movement - was this a significant contribution by the welsh to the movement?
The nineteenth century saw theestablishment of many learned, literary, and antiquarian societies whose aim was tomake the remains of medieval culture accessible to the public, and to protect them forfuture generation
What were these in Wales? I think they had a few that were based in London. Wales didn't have a metropolitan centre, so London was it'd base, but did it make it any less Welsh? Did having it in London also encourage others to partake in the Welshness
he TinternAbbey that features so famously in Wordsworth’s poem had been represented inwatercolour by J. M. W. Turner a few years earlier and was painted in oil by WilliamHavell in . Engravings of these and other works inspired tourism to sites of ruinsas well as to Horace Walpole’s ‘new-build’ Gothic pile
Significant!! Welsh inspiration for the gothic revival - tintern abbey was part of a significant wordswoth poem and a water colour, then painting - significant! Could show the importance of Wales to the movement! Could be argued that this was English innfluence ig, but try to find a strong link
Introduction Chapter pt.2 King arthur wasused during tudor period as a national historical hero, to a dismissed fictional character who still inspired popular enthusiasm.
Medievalism was born in the romantic period, with collectors, poets and novelists making the foundations through recovering past languages, literature and history, reviving and defining gothic architecture, reffered to fuedal and religious insitutions of MA to renew identities. Romanticism was a mix of recovery and imagination, with authenticity mixed with subline, self expression and emotion. Interestingly, it appears that the victorian period saw a lot of romantic 'history' debunked as myth, yet we get even more myth making with their depiction of the period.
he WelshMelodies of Felicia Hemans ().
Link to Wales!!
ut the medieval-styletextiles produced by Morris & Co. decorated many affluent drawing rooms,
Did the welsh innfluence this?
Introduction Chapter
Past utilised to back up the present - Anglo-Saxon culture 400s-1000s credited as source of jury system, free schools and representative parliament (does this link to Wales - how far did Wales during this period innfluence the English, just how much of this 'English medievalism' was actually an appropriation of Welsh stuff?) Norse and Danish 'Viking' raiders asforefathers of British navy and empire. Anglo-normans of 1100s and 1200s emulated for feudal system, religious rituals, architecture and craftsmanship. (how far were the Welsh part of this?)
Unlocking the Church: The Lost Secrets ofVictorian Sacred Space ()
Medievalism: A Critical History ()
Architecture and Religious Communities –: Building theKingdom ()
The Pre-Raphaelites ()
Imperial Gothic:Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British Empire, c–()
Could be a good read for religious architecture?
Reinventing King Arthur(),
Reading
hester.107 Bycontrast, while Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the prince of Wales killed in1282, was commemorated in verse and music, notably a highlypopular cantata first performed at the National Eisteddfod in 1863,nothing came of periodic attempts from the 1850s onwards to raisesubscriptions for a monument in his honour.108 The same was largelytrue of calls for the raising of statues of other Welsh heroes. Thus itwas that Tom Ellis, Liberal Member of Parliament and leading lightof the Cymru Fydd or Young Wales movement, still felt it necessaryin 1892 to urge his compatriots to cherish "the
So welsh people didn;t do this as much as else where?
astle," submitted to the Llangolleneisteddfod of 1858 and published two years later, may have been setin the late fourteenth century but its subject was the ideal VictorianWelsh woman, and thus, as one of its adjudicators observed, offereda riposte to the Blue Books' slurs on Welsh w
POetry at the eisteddfod, while with a medieval flavour, sought to use the past to legitimise themselves
anwg. The Llangolleneisteddfod of 1858, masterminded by the Reverend John Williams(Ab Ithel; 1811-62), was the high tide of this ardent patriotism,prompting The Times to observe sourly: "For four days all that hastaken place in the world since the age of OWEN GLYNDWR isforgotte
Link to eistedfodd
o-Saxons. The popularity ofthis satirical characterization of the Blue Books testified to awidespread familiarity among the Welsh with legends about theirearly and medieval past.76 Indeed, one response to the Blue Bookswas to vindicate what was perceived to be traditional Welsh culturewith its roots in the Middle A
good quote!
on, which asserted that the early Welsh church windependent of Rome; thus the end of the period covered in the stusaw, to quote Rees, "the Welsh in the possession of a NationaChurch and in the enjoyment of religious liberty," subsequentrestored at the Refor
Medieval revival kinda was aided by the growth of nonconformity and scholarly thinking that medieval times saw welsh church og not affilitated with rome
f Anglicans were receptive to Pre-Raphaelite art, and byimplication its medieval exemplars, Evan Williams (18167-1878),Calvinist Methodist minister, artist, and pioneering Welsh-languageart critic was extremely hos
Interesting - did people even accept the pre-raphelite medieval revival? Had close links to catholicism.
ar. However, though it lacks anyobvious Welsh affinities, it provided a fitting setting for a landownerintent on proclaiming his status as a latter-day lord of the manor, notsimply in the general terms so common at the time wherebyVictorian gentlemen identified themselves with the ethos ofmedieval chivalry, but more specifically as the self-proclaimedtwenty-third lord in succession of Cemais - a lordship in nearbynorthern Pembrokeshire established in the early twelfth ce
The art style was also used to assert dominance - not exactly very nationalist is it
he early nineteenthcentury we find both established landed families and nouveau richeindustrialists following a wider trend of expressing their status by theerection of castles.
A popular archtectural style that was impressive - was this nationalism
edieval.13 Nevertheless,religious affiliations certainly influenced Welsh attitudes to theMiddle Ages. For one thing, despite the influx of Irish Catholicimmigrants, and the restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy inEngland and Wales in 1850, Wales offered poor prospects for large-scale attempts to revive medieval forms of Catholic devotion of thekinds seen in countries with large Catholic populations such asFranc
Medieval revival with william bute's castle possibly due to his catholic beliefs? idksome architect said that gothic was the true religious art style?
. While provoking widespread condemnation,the report also stimulated efforts to prove that the Welsh were notonly respectable but fully equipped to participate in the commercialand industrial progress of imperial Brit
SLAYYY very important
. Pugin displayed in his Mediaeval Courtat the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 were his fittings for thenew Roman Catholic friary church at Pantasaph in Flintshire, whileWilliam Burges's desig
core guys of medievalism in England also worked in Wales too Wales was a particular place of interest due to its castle's the most spectacular remoddling being that of Lord Bute's residences Cardiff Castle and Castle Coch, both designed by William Burges.
located the Welsh tales in a broader context of medievalEuropean romance in her introduction and quoted extensively fromrelated French tales in her copious notes.3
Lady guest reinforced the place of arthur as a welshman through her translation. however, did such a translation into english, and her setting into the 'broader context of medieval European romance', reduce the extent that arthur belonged to the welsh?
It was the commonality of the mountains and how it had shaped the people that united them, not ethnicity as much of wales was result of migrants. mountains were eternal and did not change --> a divine creation. gae them a moral character too.
Argues how, as wales didnt have continued poltics, had to find another way to secure basis of national history, for Edwards it was the mountains. it captured people's imagination! makes comparison to Lloyd again,but still highlights how Edwards draws distinc altho simplisitc parralels between the mountains and its people. He used it as they had both seperated and united the country, variation of landscape is also emphasised --> claims this was reason why politcal unity had been different, however the geographical character had also made it different to England.
Goes on to write how edwards sought to help the welsh see their duties as welshmen more clearly by looking at the past. Writing history in a way that spoke to the welshmen of 1890s and 1900s of their own identity. Argues that edward was self-aware, understanding how materials could be manipulated for effect, of the techniques of national history-writing in the 1800s --> he himsef uses these.
Each glance that we take at the past offers us aclearer view of the future’
SLAY
And the ability todress the old in perfect beauty is a sacred ability – this is how a nation declares itshighest aims in life’
SLAYYY
They imagined that the old was better than it was, they made their princeperfect in their eyes’]. Edwards does not find the people at fault for imaginingperfection; rather, he finds in their imagining a force for developing as a nation
While not saying it explicitly, the author alludes to Edward's Primordialist view
he figure of the hero allows the nation to take from the past what it needsto become confident and progressive in the future
SLAYYYY FOR DISSERTATIONN
Welsh historiography was written by antiquarians andlocal historians who were often concerned with specific aspects of Welsh history
Talks of him as breaking away from previous ideas of history which were usually by antiquarians or local historians who were concerned on specific aspecs - instead he gave a more rounded view which was still academicably credible.
history books were designed to guide y werin18 through their own past, thusmaking them more aware of their identity in the present. In so doing, his hopewas that Welsh identity could find its own way of progressing and developing.His history books were ‘refreshing’ 19 because he offered the people of Wales anaccessible interpretation of their own past.
Develops her idea and says how Edwards provided Welsh with more understanding of thei past, and thus making them more aware of their presence identity, enabling welsh identity to develop.
O.M. Edwards, on the other hand, took a different approach and wrotepopular histories and textbooks.
The author initially compares and contrats Edwards and Lloyd as historians, with the pair depicted as opposites, Lloyd miticulous and using good source material, Edwards more so doing popular histories and textbooks - are they discrediting his work?
that historyprovided a means of legitimizing Welsh claims to nationhood. A
SLAYYYY YASSS - COULD USE THIS IN DISSERTATION
Dr Isambard Owen, in an address to the opening of the Cymmrodorion sectionof the National Eisteddfod in 1886, commented: ‘The history of the Welshpeople ... has become an almost forgotten study among its members. I do notknow if in a single school in all Wales instruction in it is at this day given.’ 11 Forindividuals such as O.M. Edwards and J.E. Lloyd who were not only historians byprofession but also actively engaged with questions of Welsh identity, it was clearthat an awareness of the Welsh past was crucial in fostering a sense of nationalidentity
Claims that, with Welsh history sidelined in schools,O.M. Edwards sought to make an awareness of the welsh past as it was crucial for national identity - is thisabit of a stretch?
it was ‘The Matterof England’ rather than ‘The Matter of Britain’ that was considered significant inhistorical works of the perio
Goes on to talk how history at the time was developing, how english history reigned supreme in england
These twovignettes demonstrate that Edwards was a popular teacher of history and thatthe images and symbolism that he used in his works resonated with his audience
Nice usage of primary and secondary sources! Opens quite strongly, detailing who he is, why he was important and how his academic life may have innfluenced his writing
His work will talk of John Rhyss, who belived that languages and inscriptions were critical for roman and post-roman population of Wales --> his views influenced Llyod's treatement of the period. Zeuss' work created springpoard for comparative and historicalstudy of celtic languages. the period rhyss began was really good for celtic studies, most of the leaders however during the period were germans, and those who weren't usually went to study in oxford.
(feels rather narrative like for the first little bit).
1877 he defended views about the languages and peoples of wales that were unsual at the time, he discussed relationships between celt languages, standard view'd been that Kymric (parent language of welsh, cornish and breton) was allied with Gaulish the others bing more distant.
people learn history from all sorts of things, its fragmented and sitored based on afew key events, people and trends - but doesnt mean that it's insignificant. hiatory wasn't the only motivation for nationalists, the present was important too, but it did pla a role. nationalists were aware of history's potential to mobilize national sentiment - lots about glorious heritage and english oppression some calling it pure propaganda.
Focuses on how history effected Welshculture after WW2 - how people learnt about the past, how they interacted with national identity, misconceptions abut the history of identity and how such misconceptions harm welsh development
rys Morgan, ‘Keeping the legends alive’, in Tony Curtis (ed.), Wales: The Imagined Nation: Essaysin Cultural and National Identity (Bridgend, 1986), pp. 19–41
Another good book to look up!
8 John S. Ellis, ‘Reconciling the Celt: British national identity, empire, and the 1911 investiture of thePrince of Wales’, Journal of British Studies, 37 (1998), pp. 391–418
Have a read of this!
As the mock-medieval investiture of the future Edward VIII as Prince of Wales atCaernarfon Castle in 1911 showed, even the symbols of conquest wererecast to declare Wales as a partner rather than a subject of England
Interesting! look further into this!!!!!
the past was utilised for 'justification for national unification' (p.668).
As the poet R. S. Thomas wrote in 1955,‘There is no present in Wales, | And no future; | There is only the past.
Could be good for dissertation tile
In respect of the jazz content of German propagandaSittler had this to say, using the series ‘Dance Tunes and Cabaret’ as a example:The ‘Dance Tunes and Cabaret’ programme is trying to build a bridge of jazz betweenGermany and America. The broadcast assumes that thousands of friendly disposedAmericans have gathered round their loudspeakers to hear how in poor old Hunlandthey treasure the cultural legacy of Jewish-American jazz. ‘Listen! We Germans cando it too!’ is what the announcer seems to be saying. The choice of material wouldmake you think you were in the heart of New York’s black ghetto — well, a few yearsback, actually, as the latest hits have not yet filtered through to us barbarians.
Interesting primary source
DanceandEntertainmentOrchestra
Despite the ban on Jazz, Goebbles, in an attempt to maintain public morale, increasingly permitted lighter, popular music to be played on German radio, with a 'German Dance and Entertainment Orchestra established in 1941 to enable this. As such, music on the radio becoming increasingly similar between Germany and Britain as the war progressed
Asthewarcontinuedandpublicgloomdeepened, Goebbelsbecameincreasinglyemphaticabouttheimportanceofprogrammeswhichofferedlightrelieftothenation—entertainmentontheleveloftheenormouslypopularradiofeature,the‘WunschkonzertfiirdieWehrmacht(‘Forces’Choice’)withitsmixtureofsentimen-tality,oldfavouritesandcurrenthits—martialmusicsuchas‘EsistsoschénSoldatzusein’,‘Siegreichwoll’nwirFrankreichschlagen’,or‘Bomben aufEn-ge-land,withcheerfulgreetingsfromthefrontandforthefamily
SLAYYY quote! Matches the r]british forces programme
his directive had the result of increasing the proportion of musical programmes tonearly seventy per cent in 19357, compared with sixty per cent in 1934. At the openingof the 1939 Funkausstellung, Goebbels again emphasized the importance of relaxationand entertainment on the radio, in addition to spiritual uplift and political dedication,pointing out that this made it, ‘next to the press, the most effective weapon in ourstruggle for national existence.
ABSOLUTE SLAY QUOTE HERE!!!
Kershaw clearly describes thehardships endured by the German people during these months, as the home front and thewar front merged together.
However, while at varying points of the war British and german women saw great similarities in their experience, by the end of the war in Germany, home and war front, Kershaw notes (author, date, p.642) merged into one. As such, by the end of the war, it is impossible to compare the immenete victory in Britain and the final battle in Germany.
Thus, throughout the war, Germany and Britain saw similarities in experience in various ways. While Germany had never conscripted its women into the workforce, hundreds of thousands of german women, in Britain,
Whilst the application of censorship and the use of propaganda could conceal thenationwide extent of the bombing and strengthen hatred towards the enemy, theycould not hide the increasingly difficult and desperate situations faced by German civiliansin their daily lives.
Even then, blah highlights how, while information was often more positive on German radio, it could not thwart real life suffering
The Nazi women’s organ-isations employed millions of German women, mainly as volunteers to take part in worksuch as air raid protection schemes, sewing for the Wehrmacht and distributing food,water and clothing to people affected by the air raids. They also assisted with evacuations,running service points to provide accommodation, help with baggage, care for the elderly,pregnant women and those with young children.
Same as Britain!
he population expects women from the higher levels of society to show a good example.Available information, they say, shows that [those who have taken on work] are almost exclu-sively women in humble circumstances, while often women from more favourable circum-stances produce a multitude of reasons which prevent them from working
While women were encouraged to join the workforce increasingly throughout the period, in both nations, it was often the lower classes which saw themselves adopt more masculine work in factories etc.
Stephenson notes how those in the WTV (idk that thing) were often upper class women, their control of their areas during war merely a continuation of their management of 'charitable causes' prior to the war. idk was it the same in germany?
Failure tohelp the war effort in this way was a signifier of dishonourable behaviour.
In both nations, suffering and making do with rationing was an expected aspect of the war effort, propaganda in both countries encouraging women to continue with difficulties to help their soldiers fighting for their freedom, an array of adivce presented in blah blah blah
which place saw special opening times for working women in shops?