orange box:
Consider this...
Bear encounters:
Bears do not want to run into you. So avoidance is key. Keep an eye out for overturned rocks, scat and droppings (usually quite seedy) and disturbed moss. These are all signs of a bear being in the area. Check bear sightings, and always be loud when hiking. If you do run into a bear, remain calm and ready your bear spray (not your camera!). Stay together if you are in a group; you will appear larger and more intimidating if you stick together. Talk calmly, in a low tone.
Here is a great article with more information: http://www.bearsmart.com/play/bear-encounters/
Cougar encounters:
A cougar will rarely make itself known. They usually are well aware of where you are. But cougars rarely attack humans. f you are really concerned about cougars, one trick that some experienced hikers suggest is to wear a ball cap backwards with your sunglasses on the brim. This makes it look like you're looking in two directions! But remember to trust your gut, and avoid the hike if you do not feel safe.
If you encounter a cougar, keep calm. Make yourself look as large as possible and back away slowly, keeping the cougar in view, and allowing a clear exit for the cougar. Pick up children and small pets immediately. Never run or turn your back- sudden movements may provoke an attack.
Here is a great article with more information: https://wildsafebc.com/cougar/
Elk, Moose and Deer encounters:
Though rarely thought about, these encounters can turn dangerous very quickly, especially in rutting season or when they are protecting their young.
If you do get charged by one of these animals, separating yourself from the animal quickly using a large tree can help aid your escape. Remember loud noises and other avoidance techniques are key, as these animals do not want to run into you on the trail.
Here is a great article with more information: https://lifehacker.com/how-to-survive-a-deer-or-moose-attack-1787553117
Remember: in all cases, avoidance is key. If you have a run in with a bear, cougar, or aggressive deer elk or moose report it immediately with national or provincial park officials, rangers, or the police.