crime is a breach of the criminal law that requires two elements: a mental element (mens rea—a guilty mind) and a physical element (actus reus—the guilty act). It’s not possible to directly establish mens rea using physical science—this must be inferred from the activities and behaviour of the accused. To commit a crime, the accused must have the intent to do wro

We now move from the crime scene to the laboratory and the various stages of recovering, documenting, and analysing evidence. Some of the principles and processes will now be familiar to us as they reflect those applied at crime scenes. The new dimension is the specific application of scientific testing of case items and the range of scientific disciplines involved. In this chapter, we will cover the types of examinations carried out in particular case types and the specific scientific and legal procedures required to meet the standards of criminal law.

dentification of an object (or an individual by fingerprints) can be done unequivocally, that is, with complete certainty. We have everyday experience of marks and have ourselves on occasions made such judgements: who muddied the kitchen floor—a small boy (a shoe mark) or a small dog (a paw mark)? Understanding the application of marks to the investigation of crime is an extension of this everyday experience. C6.P3Marks can be visible (patent) or invisible (latent) and require specialist optical, physical, or chemical techniques to visualize them. They can be made in a variety of substances: mud, blood, (page 66)p. 66dust, sweat—referred to as ‘negative’ marks—or by transferring a material to another surface—‘positive’ marks. A shoe stepping into a pool of blood can leave a negative mark in the blood followed by positive marks on the floor walked upon.

you can add heat to an object, you cannot say that "an object contains a certain quantity of heat." This is very different from the case of the fuel in your car: you can add fuel to your car, and you are quite entitled to say that your car "contains a certain quantity of fuel". You even have a gauge for measuring it! But heat is quite different. Objects do not and cannot have gauges which read out how much heat they contain, because heat only makes sense when it is "in transit".1To see this, consider your co

queer women, and LGBTQ communities, in WPS practice. To queer WPS it is vital for those engaged in gender, peace, and security work to revisit core terms (“gender,” “women,” “gender-based violence”) we use in our work as well as the foundation documents (the UN Security Council resolutions, national action plans [NAPs], monitoring reports) and concepts (the role of the Global South, the four pillars of the WPS agenda) with a queer curiosity. My research is not only about adding LGBTQ ident

he balance of payments often placed an upper limit (kokusai shūshi no tenjō, or a balance-of-payments ceiling) on the growth of domestic demand. In 1953 and again in 1957, Japan borrowed the sterling equivalent of $124 million and $125 million, respectively, from the IMF (see Section 2.4 in Chapter 2). Japan also received long-term loans from the World Bank and the

y of mémoire collective and asks how the sociologist places family within collective memory. Second, it discusses the “new memory studies” of the 1980s and 1990s (in particular, the works of Pierre Nora, and Aleida and Jan Assmann), which clearly showed a bias toward large-scale, often national memories. How can these approaches be refocused through the lens of small-scale family memories? Third, the chapter provides an overview of research on the dynamics of remembering

however, this view could be only partially supported as civilian lawyers had played a role in courts-martial since the 1600s. In wartime, it was only natural that some of those in uniform would have been lawyers in private life, and they would equally naturally be called to assist in courts-martial, either as counsel or as the judge advocate—the closest thing to a judge in the classic model. Similarly, while there have always been aspects of military justice that are quite different from how criminal cases are handled in the civilian courts (some of which are described in this book), it was inevitable that military law would be influenced by civilian practices and, over time, by changes taking place in the administration of justice generally.

High levels of corruption and the consequent low levels of trust in the state can increase the sense of insecurity in society. For example, if citizens do not trust their law enforcement officers because of the latters’ corruption, they will be less willing to report crimes to the authorities and to cooperate with those authorities; this typically leads to higher crime rates, and hence a greater sense of insecurity among the general public.

don’t all have to become incorrigible eccentrics—but it does mean that your friends should be able to pick you out of a metaphorical lineup, distinguishing you from the mass of humanity. There should be things you do that make them say “that’s very you of you.” (“That’s so Helen!”) If you’re no more than an ant in the anthill, you may well be fully unified, but it makes little sense to speak of you having a self

ntry is in danger of further collapse, leading him to undermine a feder

Integrating cultural considerations into palliative care requires, first and foremost, awareness of how one’s own values, practices, and beliefs influence care. Cultural awareness begins with an examination of one’s own heritage, family’s practices, experiences, and religious or spiritual beliefs.12 Cultural awareness challenges the nurse to look beyond his or her ethnocentric view of the world, asking the question, “How are my values, beliefs, and practices different from those of the patient and family?” rather than, “How is this patient and family different from me?” Exploring one’s own beliefs by completing a personal self-assessment will raise an awareness of differences that have the potential to foster prejudice and discrimination and limit the effectiveness of care.16 Often identifying more similarities than differences, the nurse and patient can recognize universal aspects of life, family, tru

As the United States becomes increasingly diverse, the growing range of treasured beliefs, shared teachings, norms, customs, and languages challenges the nurse to understand and respond to a wide variety of perspectives. The total US population in 2016 was estimated to be 323.1 million.5 Population statistics from the US Census Bureau illustrate that cultural diversity is increasing among the five most common pan-ethnic groups, which are federally defined as American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, black or African American, Hispanic, and white (Table 37.1).6

Care of the seriously ill and dying is complex, with many of these individuals coping with multiple chronic illnesses, age-related syndromes and needs, complicated medication regimens aimed at ameliorating symptoms of disease, and often a limited social support and caregiver base to help with care. Globally, nurses need to acquire and maintain generalist palliative care nursing knowledge and skill to address the unique needs of individuals coping with serious illness and their families. Variations in global nursing education and workforce challenges exist, yet attention to the cultural aspects of care, regardless of where one lives, is necessary to providing compassionate and skilled nursing care across disease states. Discussion of all cultural variations is beyond

hat we know of civil wars, and how we know it, has changed a great deal over the past century. Prior to the Second World War, the study of civil wars was given over to historians and, in the social sciences, to those studying comparative politics. The study of civil wars was often accompanied by years of field work, interviews, archival research, and t

ethnic” civil wars versus “non-identity” or “nonethnic” wars, it might be helpful to delineate some factors that are common to the onset of all types of civil wars. Five are worth introducing: a history of prior conflict, the role of elites, geography, demography, and governance.

No country is an island economically and the way that countries engage with the rest of the world is a key determinant of their development outcomes. The increasing integration of the world—in terms of financial, trade, aid, and other economic flows, as well as health, educational, scientific, and other opportunities—requires an increasingly sophisticated policy capability. So too does the management of the risks associated with increased integration into the global community. The threat posed by pandemics, cyber attacks, financial crises, and climate change and other global developments such as disruptive new technologies like artificial intelligence and robotics, where the price of machines not the cost of labour will determine production location, could derail the best-laid development efforts. Systemic risks have a particularly negative impact on development outcomes, and have negative distributional consequences. The existence of effective policies, or their absence, shapes the harvesting of the upside opportunities and mitigation of the risks arising from globalization.

The eldest son goes to the left of the door, and the eldest daughter to the right of the door, both facing south, and all their brothers and sisters bow to them successively. … when this salutation is completed … the children step up to the east and west sides of the door and receive bows from their younger brothers and sisters.” This is how a twelfth-century Chinese manual of behavior for family relationships describes the process for celebrating the new year, winter solstice, and new and full moons. It reflects the Confucian emphasis on order, hierarchy, and discipline, especially the imperative for children of any age to show respect for their elders. Yet Confucius and his adherents had much more to say about children than where they should stand in formal ceremonies. At least for the upper classes childhood was carefully demarcated, with specific instructions for noting birthdates and commemorating coming of age—for instance, when girls could use hairpins (

In terms of economics, a new pattern may be construed as a new basic structure of the economy, and a new exemplary pattern as a set of principles designed to guide the behaviour of managers, firms, government organizations, and others, which are striving to understand, to develop, and to modify or adapt to such a newly emerging structure of the economy.

will argue that the social facts about dying necessitate a social model for its care. If one accepts that dying is a social experience with a physical dimension and not a physical experience with a social dimension then a reorientation of practice, research, and curriculum priorities should follow. In the service of this argument, I will first describe how dying in the human sciences has been and continues to be a diverse and contested set of ideas. I will then summarize elements of social experience that characterize most of the competing views and then introduce the 95% rule. This rule demonstrates that most of a dying person’s time is a social time with clinical encounters merely occupying the ever-diminishing 5%. The next sections will describe the social model of health. I will show how this approach directly complements the care of dying by targeting the 95% rule while addressing both social determinants of health and common healthcare goals. Finally, I will focus on the public health movement in palliative care taking care to introduce the core elements that qualify it as the quintessential social model of health that places ‘well-being’ at the heart of what it does.