the distribution of recently butchered pigs thatserved as payment for a war death.

reburial is the goal,

The disturbance of iwi kūpuna is another common factor shared by most of these cases, in some instances involving the disinterment of over 1,000 burials, in others the disturbance of a few elite kupuna, including the grandmother of our last reigning mon-archs, Kalākaua and lili‘uokalani

‘So,’ Celia continued, children ‘have an angel.’ Many people told me that children either were “angels” or had an “angel” watching over them.‘But,’ I protested, ‘children are very naughty [bōt]!’Celia scoffed. ‘Naughtiness is not a sin!’

Consequently, all children (male or female) in Jajikon were at the beck and call of their elders. “Pour me some water.” “Just come here.” “Just bring me the flash-light!” “Rake!” “Clean up!” “Fill this plate.” “Get my shoes!” Adults tell children to pick up the trash, clean up the yard, carry things, cook, deliver messages, trans-port goods, collect coconuts, do the dishes, cut the lawn, and scratch their back (literally).

If true, this would be a serious charge that adults would unequivocally condemn. Cutting a child is an example of what many Marshallese call kaeñtaan, a phrase that literally means “cause to suffer” and can be translated as “abuse” (Berman 2014a)

But age is not chronological—at least not in many times and places. In parts of West Africa, women measure age not by counting time but, rather, by the wear and tear on their bodies caused by childbirth. A twenty-five-year-old woman with four children is older than a forty-five-year-old woman with one child.

Maturing youth know the likely possibilities in the neighborhood, and they can nudge their parents toward one boy or girl or another. But sometimes parents abruptly announce a marriage arrangement to a surprised son or daughter.

Children never separate cleanly from the parents who have born them, or from the place whose food and ground has nurtured them

Her parents calculated where to nd the pigs and kava they would need to repay the gravediggers.

Flaunting the spoils of their military exploits, the image is composed not unlike a portrait of hunters returning with game or fishermen proudly holding up their catch. The Hinomaru would have meant little to these soldiers (and to most non-Japanese) other than a symbol for Japan itself, at the very least, a token captured from the enemy. Like any slain deer or giant tuna, the flag would seem at first

“as a seeming trace or fragment of its referent that appeals to the eye for its proof, the photograph is able to invoke the authority of its empirical link to events, which in turn seems to reinforce the sense of its own unmediated factuality”

They form a circle in front of the audience and begin to rotate, kicking their legs inward as they dance

When I went to put my $20 donation in the envelope, I noticed that people were giving $60 to $100. I felt pressure to give more. Nevertheless, I decided that the best way to make up for my small dona-tion was to donate time and labor to the funeral.

LIA PASSED AWAY after a prolonged sickness. People said that she died of can-cer. Others believed she died because of puke fakatēvolo, an evil spirit that pos-sessed her

more than $8,000

One is held after church, and the other is held on the last day of a funeral.

The first twins, Piki and Kele, had two children, a son named Taufulifonua and a daughter named Havealolofonua. The second twins, ‘Atungaki and Mā‘imoa‘alongonoa, had a daughter named Velelahi (Vele the elder). Fonu‘uta and Fonutai, the third twins, also had a daughter, and her name was Velesi‘i (Vele the younger). The last set of twins, Hē‘imoana2 and Lupe, had two children, a son Tokilangafonua and a daughter Hinatu‘aifanga

Tongans, it is a challenge to work apart from one’s church kin.

alateu

The themes of the people’s war and total war merge, and the vision of a total societyat war is declaimed in spirited terms for a population under aerial siege.

he Fascist use of bombing to attack cities duringthe Spanish Civil War, as memorialized in Picasso’s paintingGuernica, associated suchbombing in the public mind with dictatorships and brutal regimes, even as it indicatedto some Americans what would likely happen in any future large-scale conflict.

attacks on civilian populations were barbaric and immoral, and supported thehaphazard international efforts to get nations to agree to their ban.

he ethic of war as practiced by Westernconventional armies had included the sparing of civilian populations from full militaryattack.4This proscription was often not applied to European powers’ imperial warsagainst non-white indigenous peoples and the American army’s attacks on NativeAmericans.

hanging attitudestoward the morality of targeting civilian populations for military attack. The newethos of wholesale civilian bombardment reached its apotheosis with Hiroshima andNagasaki, and the constant threat of devastating nuclear attack during the Cold War.

a hyperbolic sense of ethnic or nationalloyalty based on exclusion of unwanted elements

The conception of a people’s warin American terms offers a gloss on the industrial phenomenon of total war during anera of large-scale democracy

irst, the American government espoused the idea ofa ‘people’s war,’ that defined the conflict as a realization of American democratic andegalitarian ideals which should engage public attention and support. By activelycontributing to the war effort, from serving in the armed forces to working in a warproduction factory, Americans could defend these ideals against the dictatorial, racist,and fanatical regimes of the Axis.1Second, historians and military strategists, both at thetime and retrospectively, also considered the war as exemplifying the idea of ‘total war,’put forward by German general Erich Ludendorff and other theorists as the application