We need more public anti-rape, anti-domestic violence speaking. Native victims need to know that it's ok to talk about it, that rape is not "normal" and that there's a lot of other victims who are afraid to talk about their issues.

It's interesting how she speaks of America as a whole, not just Native American victims.

when rape happens very often in the community, it IS sadly becoming a "norm". Victims are less likely report their offender, because they know that other people experienced it too, and since they did not do anything about it, it could be seen as a not a big deal. Victims could be afraid to be discussed as winy and weak in their community if they report something.

especially if he did not face any consequences, I.e. was not reported, which happens fairly often.

It's a strong sentence..<br> Throughout this class we mainly looked at land issues, so it's really nice to look at the issue which is directly related to the land issue

did I read it right?!The ONLY shelter for victim in such big state as Alaska??

many women do not report anything out of the fear that everyone is going to know it. Women need to know that these services are completely confidential

And then we wander why is suicide rate is going up. Usually people trying to avoid the actual issue and trying to create different reasons for it. As if the society is trying to avoid to actually act on the issue, and just discuss possible reasons.

Such an indifference to human life...I think they only cared about legal aspects of processing the murder, rather than being respectful of her and her relatives.

I think it's because of the affects of our patriarchal society. Women only nowadays have their voices heard. And I think Native women are far less likely to be heard.

same with me..I did not even realise that there is a bigger problem that economical.Of course those two problems could correlate with each other. it's crazy how we don't hear often about rape or domestic violence problem in Native communities...

I did not know that this kind of help exist. It's increadibly hard for victims of rape to overcome what happened to them, and it would be very nice if there was an awareness that these services exist for rape and/or domestic violence survivors.

termination did not only failed to provide full citizen rights to the Native communities, but also stripped them down of their own culture, autonomy and self-help.

It shows that by affecting the economy overall, all aspects are sliding down (healthcare and education as well)

It just one of the examples of how termination really affected Native communities and how it span out of the control of the government

was termination is mainly about money and power of the corporations and banks?

government has tried to improve their economy, or at least they made that impression, but in reality they end up spending way more, creating an extremely poor are.

it's way too long..many things can happen in 10 years and people are unable to affect it in any way

He is right, 2 weeks is way too short to analyse the document, explain it to all members of the community and then together make a decision

government basically gave them no choice, and now they are trying to prove that Menominee's themselves wanted it in the first place

It's so nice to see a woman on a hearing taking one of the leading roles. Even though it were already 70s, it's pretty interesting.

It was not that long ago! just a couple years before 1961 as I understood

It just ridiculous.. he's trying to make an argument that there were no complains, hoping that nobody would know the truth?

First of all, was it about 15 years since the initial hearing? and also, why does it matter, Miss Deer just showed that many of the voters did not even fully understood all of the aspects of the law they were voting for..

this phrase shows how important their culture to them after all of the assimilation attempts.

You can see the influence of these schools already after 3 years of studying there. Even though noone was making them talk, dress or behave like a "white man" they still did that, because they thought that's the only right way. I feel like they had a pride in dressing and speaking English then..

All that schools mostly achieved is to separate these kids from both worlds. Their own(because they would forget a lot of thins) and American (because they were always less, always not enough civilised)

It's so hard to read that those kids died without their relatives beside them, not allowed to speak their language or practice their beliefs.

The more I dig into a research about this topic, the more information I find with cruelty and neglect of these children. There were numerous deaths and sicknesses, while their parents in many cases were not even aware about their kids' deaths.

especially here.. probably what she wanted to do to the school

I think it's an author's metaphor for the white people being depicted as a devil, and while she is in this school her mother could not hear her. But it seems as if the author still had not just a desire, but a possibility to go home to her mom so she could be safe.

Damn..that's a whole another level of discipling a kid.

But to say honestly at that time it was very often to see physicality, spanking etc at schools that was coming from teachers. It was the most popular way to make kids listen all over the world.

This is one of the examples how hard was it to adjust in that school and learn new language for the new kids. The misunderstandings were probably happening quite often.

they were even forbidden to act as kids

Cutting hair was extremely significant, so when she lost it, it was like losing her past and her energy.

That's true..what gave that woman idea that it was ok to toss a random kid who was very scared and did not speak the language..

This was done not just to control the children and their hygiene, but also to erase their culture completely. As the long hair were such a big part of the native culture, they had to go regardless if you are a boy or a girl

I can't imagine how scared she was and how devastating it would be to be in a place like this without her relatives, and full of people who could not understand you

it would be freezing! Snow and especially at night..

it feels like such a barbarity to throw candies to these kids like to animals. The kids were tired and hungry, and instead of talking to them or giving them some food, they just threw some candies..

they basically acted as if they were in the zoo and have noticed an unusual animal..

Such a big emotional support that came from an unlikely side.

That is true. Of course it is impossible to completely unbiased, but it is very important to strive for that ideal as a historian. It's not just fictional books we are studying, they are the stories of real people, real cultures and their stories.

It is important to see that storytelling tradition is still persisting nowadays.

The note on how important traditions even to this day in their culture. If their past will go silent, it seems like they will no longer be able to be a part of it, therefore they are no-one really, dead

It's an example how sorrow can travel through generations.

Even through all the pain . and suffering on the road, we can still see how generations were connected to each other and felt responsible for the kids and grandkids.

I feel like a lot of Americans had an idea that moving of Native people will go smoothly and without so many hardships. Of course many counted on many deaths during this travel, but my guess that US government did not really know or was interested enough to help these people.

So cruel!! i can't express in words what these people went through. Those people did not target strong man or women, but instead, went after the weak and young ones. such cowardliness and cruelty. And still Native Americans were perceived as aggressors..

It's impossible to believe that some people would try to make fun of and to make their walk even harder than it already was..When I started reading that sentence, I really thought that there would be some good people to at least offer some help..

It's heartbreaking to read about these details. That only some kids were able to ride on that loud and uncomfortable cart, while others had even worse experiences walking on their feet for weeks through hard hills and rainy mud.

the repetition is usually also used for retaining of information. To make sure that the stories that are told would not disappear with that generation.

Which is very important for his speech development and for retaining of the information for the future retelling of those stories to his ancestors. It is important to know how to tell stories to the young ones for them to actually be interested in it.

I believe that's how the culture is created. Only after older stories of grandparents the history is beginning to take the shape. But it's only imho

did that murder happened because of just one cruel soldier or was it because Americans knew the power of women in Native cultures and it was a planned cold killing? Did women still hold the same powers as before at that point?

The Battle of Wood Lake was a battle in the Dakota War of 1862 in September. By that time in the Dakota War of 1862, the Sioux offensive had slowed considerably, and the Minnesota forces were beginning to implement a plan formulated by Governor Alexander Ramsey. Ramsey's plan, implemented by Colonel Henry Hastings Sibley and frontier commander Charles Eugene Flandrau, had the goals to free European-American settlers held captive by the Indians and to "exterminate" or drive the Dakota "forever beyond the borders of the state".

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wood_Lake

not just out of pure academic interest, but because it is the stories of real people, who lived and are still living through those histories.

That's important to consider that only "important" or rich black people could hope for some protection of saving

So even if with all this hard effort a slave would get a freeing papers, it would not guarantee anything. There's no real protection or guarantee at all.

It's nice to see that at lest they had some protection with them. But it was interesting if that call for justice was actually a law or was it just a good couscous of this writer?

I feel that it was even harder on them. They did not really belong to any group entirely. Also they were discriminated on both levels, that they are black and had a lineage of laves and that they are not fully Cherokee, therefore less that others.

This is crazy..How can society separate siblings in treatment and recognition.

was it an idea that if Cherokee were granted their own land in the West, black men would find theirs to the West of that. A hope that the government would see their struggle and a will to become free?

It sounds as a reverted "one drop of black blood" law

remind me of nowadays. As bad as it sounds, government is pressuring other countries to control their citizens and accept them back if they were caught in US. They are running from violence( from where they are), or trying to have a better life/future. History is repeating, huh?

first of all, they're talking about kids the same as about the mules, and secondly, how f***ed up was that to go into someone's house and just still kids i'm assuming in the middle of the night..Damn

to add to this comment, especially this part. That there was no certainty for black men. You could have been a freed slave, but if someone would see you walking by yourself freely, they could've forced you back into slavery without a trial.

well..of course, what did they expect? It was basically a betrayal of their entire community and many more as I feel like this removal snowballed the later events of relationships between Americans and different Natives groups.

which was foreign to Cherokees just a short while ago

That's probably the hardest thing to apprehend..

They saw that America will be their future, it will not go anywhere, so their only option was to act the same. They quickly began thinking like businessmen, forgetting about the values of their own cultures. (I'm speaking of slave labour)

It's hard to apprehend how people, who previously were so close to each other in their community, depending on each other, after removal took European model of the society "nobody will help you if you yourself don't". Everyone was carrying only about themselves and their families. No communal spirit whatsoever..

I wander if it was a plan all along of the government to starve native populations to death. It's clear that Americans did not had in mind a fair division of the rest of the land, but the lack of the financing is adding another hint that Americans wanted genoside via "natural causes" as starvation, fights for the infertile land and diseases.

only after reading this document for second time I caught that his slaveowner also was his father..

Didn't he set a cornfield on fire?

I would LOVE to read anything about these women. How they were treated and what happened to them afterwards. Were all these women married, were they different ages and how did their men left them, what were the reasoning behind that..Did Native really did not know that Americans might take them as captives?

And still the Natives were viewed as soulless and unreasonable aggressors with so much hatred.

That's not about being a military planner, but rather a critical thinker. He was previously a soldier himself, so he should have known better..

That's a huge difference! And it was only because of a horse or were they all trained better?

Was it an order or just a "reminder" like a suggestion? If he really wanted for captives to be treated nicely, he should have picked different man for that task. He knew Scott could not wait to get his revenge by any means, and now that this chance was finally presented to him, he probably could not wait..

I think for many it was just like a sport hunting. Like rich people did, killing a boar for fun with their friends.

I'm not sure how to feel about that story.. Was it true or not, it's horrific, especially for the father. I understand why this story became popular (not just because it was so terrible, but because Americans needed to set examples of how evil Natives are) But from the other side, It gives me an understanding why Scott hated Natives so much.. It's like an evil circle of hatred between two sides.

That explains his hatred for Indians..

which is ironic because according to Locke's explanation of natural law, "each state ought to respect the territories of other states, while it makes efforts to maintain its own territorial integrity. " -John Locke and Native Americans (https://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/59280)

That is such a low policy or as they would say at that time "not as a gentleman would've act"(: . They were not targeting the warriors directly but instead the women and children who did not even openly fought. They were just living on THEIR land. Kind of reminds me of the beginning of communism as a modern comparison. When people were living in their houses on their land for centuries, and when the communists came in, they just confiscated all these private properties without any concern where the owners now going to live. It did not matter what kind of people were living there, men or women, their status and sides in politics, nobody had a say in anything.

this idea of explaining to Natives that Europeans are their natural rulers and that they should know their place remind me of Spanish Requerimiento of 1513. Where Spanish were reading to Natives that document to justify the land-taking and slavery of Native women and children. As Natives needed an explanation that they are nobody and had no choice.

And where exactly is that??He was not even trying to admit that he's talking about THEIR territories that Americans took away and declared as their own.

Of course. He could not punish his own people because it would set an example to Natives. If Washington would admit that his people were out of control and "brutal in their treatment" he would go against the whole ideology of social darwinism. He had to turn the situation to the side that would paint Native Americans as aggressors

The Social Contract was a policy by the Labour government of Harold Wilson in 1970s Britain. In return for the repeal of 1971 Industrial Relations Act, food subsidies and a freeze on rent increase, the Trade Union Congress would be able to persuade its members to cooperate in a programme of voluntary wage restraint.

Churchill tries to sugar coat his real opinion toward USSR and its communism. Most probably it happened because of fear of USSR growing military powers. On one hand he's saying that Britain need something to be done about growing Communism with help of USSR, but on the other hand, he's saying that Russia is a great friend and comrade of Britain and Churchill personally

It is clear to see the fear in Churchill words/propaganda to be fearfull of Russians and Communism as it was traveling further away from USSR itself. If not only fear, Marshall's Plan would never be considered. Communist parties were enlarging not only in Eastern Europe, but also in Germany, where there was an enormous oppression of its population after WWII.

I read some accounts/remembering of soldiers of WWII. As hundreds and thousands died each day, the death itself became sort of a normality. Especially in the trenches, where soldiers would name unknown died soldiers, whose bodies would lie for days, and talk with them, count them as friends, give them high five, just act with them as living people.

Really, if you look at the wartime pictures, especially at the time of bombardment, everyone look the same, same dirty faces and clothes, everyone scared for their life, while trying to hide it "as a real war hero", since they had no time for fear or any other thoughts apart from war really.

She implies, that a man does not feel the war or takes any interest in it personally, until it affects him personally.

Open reference to Chamberlain

Many are tend to think about depressions of 20&21 centuries. But it's nice to be reminded that depressions and unemployment are two very old terms. Just before they might mean something slightly different, instead of office job shortage, manual labor of some kind of industry.

was an English mathematician and biostatistician. He has been credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics, big contribution to the theory of Social Darwinism and Eugenics.

I could clearly see the influence of Social Darwinism and a desire to enlarge that race..smells like a root of Nazism

implying that only woman can truly understand what another woman is going through

It is very clear that there's no safe way out of this situation that a woman in at that moment. I.e. society doesn't allow personal improvement for a woman at that time. Fallen means fallen, so there's "no prospect before her but sorrow"

It's ironic that this issue i still relevant to this day, to "our" modern Society..

This is a clear example that the Church is no longer at such power. People started doubting the religion and questioning human existence through massive struggle of Industrial Revolution.

Maybe it's wrong to say, but children were seen as something different at that time. Mostly it was not important to keep them safe..there would be many more to replace any of them. There were not very much of parents love( because parents would be always at work), no education, no play/friend time. They were just used to help support family and factory owners were a part of this system. Those children were being exploited, because factory owners knew their parents would not do anything (parents would be more likely to keep their job than protect their children as the life conditions were very harsh) I can see a correlation of tired dying horse which is beaten to get her last energy until she would be worked to death with a foam in her mouth.

no time to take a break to rest, or to go to the bathroom, or to even properly eat..no wonder kids grew up with physical and mental problems, some-sort of physical traumas( if they were lucky enough to make it alive). Of course later people would questioned why they just did not switch their jobs when they got older?Well firstly, they would not have time to look for another job( they need to feed their families), secondly the job market was extremely full with very little new space openings, so it would not be guaranteed for them to find something better or anything at all , and lastly, this is all they knew how to for the timeline of their lives. There was no education for these children, maybe, if they extremely lucky, Sunday school, but that's would be all..

At that time philosophy was not just about philosophical "right way of living", but rather like in the Classical period, it included in itself a lot of subdivision, such as astronomy, physics, geology and etc.

black puppy-color black was associated with witchcraft. Even the black hair colour on women. White cat-even though it was not a black cat, it was still a cat, a very common animal of all "witches" at that time.

Is he saying that the new, higher knowledge is not for everyone?

Here he argued that everything is known to men up to that point is nothing but the accident..I don't understand how could he say that if for many centuries before him, people all around the globe was testing, watching, recording and improving the knowledge. The knowledge of his time included so much of the past..and again, Enlightment itself was very much based and borrowing old ideas of Classicism and even some things from Middle ages..

People were trying to limit Kings absolute monarchy

Clear ideas of absolute monarchy. I.e.if the King decided to do something it is his power to do so, and nobody can do anything about it, because King is ALWAYS right.

Implication that King is only answering to the God.Which does not include any people or the Church itself.

Such a woman-like in all senses(: for that time she started with praising her husband:"Worshipful husband" and only then goes to the matter of needs

Not pleased because she was pregnant?

Openly critiques the Medieval Church

In The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer does not describe his characters as real individuals, but rather than stereotypes of people who live in the society.

At this moment it is clear that everybody could see the danger that it could bring if nothing changes in the society.

It is quite often in this period for the literary works, especially poems, to start with description of the Spring, something green and young. For the reason that spring is a period of rebirth, energy, new life which was directly connected to the muse of the authors. It was believed that by doing such, author awakes his muse and starts a "new life" in a form of a new poem.

contradicting the monopoly on markets by the nobles and church. There's no way it would benefit the Abbot.

This idea is closely associates with massive animal killing, the idea of rising above "lower human beings"-slaves, and later social darwinism

and it is widely believed that it were "Dark Ages"... On the contrary, there were a lot of schooling(and not just based on Bible), art and sport competition.

is it referring to the pagan past or already christian offerings?

Rome?

The way of keeping monopoly, controlled trade, and class rank. Reminded me of Seville merchants from the Casa de Contratacion system.

it just seems silly that this part had to be written in the law. Lords were extremely powerful, how else could it go?

This was a big problem and possible shame for those girls, as a Lord of the place a girl might be living on had a right to refuse a marriage, or allow and keep his right od a "first night" in other words he could sleep with her on her first wedding night

It's nice to see in this account both, how the ruler endorsed good deeds in people and punish for the bad ones. It's quite rare to see it

as the date of this document goes along with the same year of William's death i think it is safe to tell it was written by people who directly witnessed William life and rule.

I agree that it is quite interesting that there's an accpount of both sides of William, not just good, but also his weaknesses. However it is open, why, if an author thought he could write about the weak side of the Ruler, he just wrote a couple of sentences, and why these "evil deeds" of William sounds almost forgiving. I mean all the rulers took gold (taxes) from their people when they needed it, so it make this act not so evil and terrible.

Interesting way to phrase this relation.

Developing of the astronomy knowledge.

Why only one? what caused the change?

This is such an odd way of burying someone, Why would they separate offerings? What was the shift from strong connection to the past to this situation?

It's really fascinating how these systems were created during this early stage of Bronze age. That is Coaxial field systems so called, since their main boundaries are parallel or coaxial.

Interesting notice. I wonder what triggered it.