primitives were traditional, and civilized Europeans were modern

some knowledges were considered dangerous

primitives were closer to nature

All the terms in the contrasts I have been using are obsolete stereotypes

The arts of a civiliza- tion belong to the executive and articulating classes, a sort of partial culture superimposed on everyday reality and partly fused with it. Within Indian civilization there are not only the high arts of music and dance officially maintained and underpinned by Sanskrit documents, but folk arts and provincial arts of all sorts, just as there are in ours. They abound and flourish. But when as aestheticians we talk about art in gen- eral it is not mostly these we have in mind. We often tend to view them essentially in the same way as we view what we might call "primitive" art of other cultures-except that we do not typ- ically think of them as "exotic." We may not un- derstand them or relate them to "art," but this lack of relation is not thematic in our attitude to them, not a kind of glamour so much as a sort of quaint charm

One still hears the phrase "primitive art" band- ied about today, with the double implication that, on the one hand, the products and practices of such societies have not benefited from the long line of discovery and refinement of which our own historians make us conscious; and, on the other hand, being exempt from the perver- sions of that history, they preserve the authen- ticity of true humanity that we have lost

First, anthropology took determinate shape at a time when European technological imperial- ism was achieving a certain dominance, with the consequence that tribal societies all over the world were losing what was most distinctive in their ways of life, including their languages

To that extent, we can speak of "the art" of such a civilization with a signifi- cance importantly different from that with which we speak of the "arts" of smaller, nonhis- torical cultures

Progressnotonlybringsnewthreatstothehealthofindigenouspeoples,italsoimposesnewstrainsontheecosystemsuponwhichtheymustdependfortheirultimatesurvival.

Carefulexaminationofthedata,whichcomparetheformerconditionofself-sufficientindigenouspeopleswiththeirconditionfollowingtheirincor-porationintotheworld-marketeconomy,leadstotheconclusionthattheirstandardoflivingisoftenlowered,notraised,byeconomicprogress—andoftentoadramaticdegree.Thisisperhapsthemostoutstandingandinesca-pablefacttoemergefromtheyearsofresearchanthropologistshavedevotedtothestudyofculturechangeandmodernization.Despitethebestintentionsofthosewhohavepromotedchangeandimprovement,alltoooftentheresultshavebeenpoverty,longerworkinghours,muchgreaterphysicalexer-tion,poorhealth,socialdisorder,discontent,discrimination,overpopulation,andenvironmentaldeterioration—combinedwiththedestructionofthesmall-scaleculture.

Economicdevelopmentincreasesthediseaserateofaffectedpeoplesinatleastthreeways.First,totheextentthatdevelopmentissuccessful,devel-opedpopulationssuddenlybecomevulnerabletoallofthechronic“lifestyle”diseasessufferedalmostexclusivelyby“advanced”peoples,10includingdi-abetes,obesity,hypertension,andavarietyofcirculatoryproblems.