Table 3Biophysical and economic accounts for the ecosystem services air purification, urban cooling, and climate regulation. Examples from studies conducted in Europe and United States.Ecosystem service City Biophysical accounts Economic value estimates Valuation model ReferenceAir purification Barcelona, Spain 305.6 t/y €1,115,908 Avoided costs/UFORE Chaparro and Terradas (2009)Chicago, USA 5575 t/y US$ 9.2 million Avoided costs/C-BAT McPherson et al. (1997)Modesto, USA 154 t/y;3.7 lb/treeUS$1.48 million US$16/tree Willingness to pay McPherson et al. (1999)Sacramento, USA 1457 t/y US$28.7 millionUS$1500/haAvoided costs Scott et al. (1998)Philadelphia, USA 802 t/y US$ 3.9 million/y Avoided costs Nowak et al. (2007)Urban cooling/heatingChicago, USA 0.5 GJ/tree (cooling)2.1 GJ/tree (heating)US$15/treeUS$10/treeUS$50–90 per dwelling unitAvoided costs/C-BAT McPherson et al. (1997)Modesto, USA 110,133 Mbtu/y; 122 kWh/tree US$870,000 US$10/tree Avoided costs McPherson et al. 1999Sacramento, USA 157 GWh (cooling)145 TJ (heating)US$18.5 mill/y US$ 1.3 mill/y Avoided costs Simpson (1988)Climate regulation (t of C/y) Barcelona, Spain Storage: 113,437 tSequestration: 6187 t/y;5422 t/y (net)Not assessed Avoided costs/UFORE Chaparro and Terradas (2009)Modesto, USA 13,900 t336 lb/treeUS$ 460,000 US$ 5/tree Avoided costs McPherson et al. (1999)Philadelphia, USA Storage : 530,000 tSequestration16,100 t /yUS$ 9.8 millionUS$ 297,000Avoided costs/UFORE Nowak et al. (2007)Washington, USA 572 t/y1.0 t/ha/yUS$ 13,156 Avoided costs/UFORE Nowak and Crane (2002)Chicago, USA Storage: 5.6 million t(14–18 t/ha)Not assessed Avoided costs/C-BAT McPherson et al. (1997)PM: particulate matter. UFORE: Urban Forest Effects model; C-BAT: Cost–Benefit Analysis of Trees. When pollutants are not specified, calculations include NO 2, SO2 , PM 10 , O 3 andCO). Note: Figures were not converted to net present values and should be taken as illustration only.239E. Gómez-Baggethun, D.N. Barton / Ecological Economics 86 (2013) 235–245

Table 2Examples of ecosystem disservices in urban areas.Ecosystem functions Disservice Examples Indicators ReferencesPhotosynthesis Air quality problems City tree and bush species emitvolatile organic compounds (VCOs)Emission of VOCs(tons yr−1)/vegetation unitChaparro and Terradas (2009); Geron et al. (1994)Tree growththrough biomassfixationView blockage Blockage of views by trees standingclose to buildingsTall trees close to buildings Lyytimäki et al. (2008)Movement offloral gametesAllergies wind-pollinated plants causingallergic reactionsAllergenicity (e.g. OPALS ranking) D'Amato (2000)Aging ofvegetationAccidents Break up of branches falling in roadsand treesNumber of aged trees Lyytimäki et al., 2008Dense vegetationdevelopmentFear and stress Dark green areas perceived as unsafein night-timeArea of non-illuminated parks Bixler and Floyd (1997)Biomass fixationin roots;decompositionDamages oninfrastructureBreaking up of pavements by roots;microbial activityAffected pavement (m 2 )wood (m 3)Lyytimäki and Sipilä (2009)Habitat provisionfor animalspeciesHabitat competitionwith humansAnimals/insects perceived as scary,unpleasant, disgustingAbundance of insects, rats, etc. Bixler and Floyd (1997)Own elaboration based on literature review.238 E. Gómez-Baggethun, D.N. Barton / Ecological Economics 86 (2013) 235–245

able 1Classification of important ecosystem services in urban areas and underlying ecosystem functions and components.Functions and components Ecosystem service Examples Examples of indicators/proxies ReferencesEnergy conversioninto edible plants throughphotosynthesisFood supply Vegetables produced by urbanallotments and peri-urban areasProduction of food (tons yr−1) Altieri et al. (1999)Percolation andregulation of runoff andriver dischargeWater flow regulationand runoff mitigationSoil and vegetation percolate waterduring heavy and/or prolongedprecipitation eventsSoil infiltration capacity; % sealedrelative to permeable surface (ha)Villarreal and Bengtsson(2005)Photosynthesis, shading,and evapotranspirationUrban temperatureregulationTrees and other urban vegetationprovide shade, create humidity andblock windLeaf Area Index; Temperature decreaseby tree cover × m 2 of plot trees cover(°C)Bolund and Hunhammar(1999)Absorption of soundwaves by vegetationand waterNoise reduction Absorption of sound waves byvegetation barriers, speciallythick vegetationLeaf area (m 2) and distance toroads (m); noise reduction dB(A)/vegetation unit (m)Aylor (1972); Ishii (1994);Kragh (1981)Filtering and fixationof gases and particulatematterAir purification Removal and fixation of pollutantsby urban vegetation in leaves,stems and rootsO3 , SO 2, NO 2 , CO, and PM 10 μm removal(tons yr−1 ) multipliedby tree cover (m 2 )Chaparro and Terradas (2009)Physical barrier andabsorption on kineticenergyModeration ofenvironmental extremesStorm, floods, and wave bufferingby vegetation barriers; heatabsorption during severe heat wavesCover density of vegetation barriersseparating built areas from the seaDanielsen et al. (2005);Costanza et al. (2006b)Removal or breakdownof xenic nutrientsWaste treatment Effluent filtering and nutrientfixation by urban wetlandsP, K, Mg and Ca in mgkg−1 comparedto given soil/water quality standardsVauramo and Setälä (2011)Carbon sequestration andfixation in photosynthesisClimate regulation Carbon sequestration and storageby the biomass of urban shrubsand threesCO2 sequestration by trees (carbonmultiplied by 3.67 to convert to CO 2)Nowak (1994b); McPherson(1998)Movement of floralgametes by biotaPollination and seeddispersalUrban ecosystem providehabitat for birds, insects,and pollinatorsSpecies diversity and abundance of birdsand bumble beesAndersson et al. (2007)Ecosystems withrecreational andeducational valuesRecreation and cognitivedevelopmentUrban parks provide multipleopportunities for recreation,meditation, and pedagogySurface of green public spaces(ha)/inhabitant (or every 1000inhabitants)Chiesura (2004)Habitat provision for animalspeciesAnimal sighting Urban green space providehabitat for birds and otheranimals people like watchingAbundance of birds, butterflies andother animals valued for theiraesthetic attributesBlair (1996); Blair and Launer(1997)Note: The suitability of indicators for biophysical measurement is scale dependent. Most indicators and proxies provided here correspond to assessment at the plot level.Source: Own elaboration based on literature review.237E. Gómez-Baggethun, D.N. Barton / Ecological Economics 86 (2013) 235–245

In an attempt to address these knowledge gaps, this paper drawson recent developments in ecosystems service research to synthesizeknowledge to classify and value ecosystem services for urban plan-ning.

To the extent possible, focus on learning in this course rather than grades.

Take home mini-projects are ‘Open World’, which means you may consult almost any resource,animate or inanimate, EXCEPT for any other participant in this class, either directly or indirectly.

Note that every individual must show up to present your poster in person at the Symposium! Mark iton your calendars now.

Every week you will complete readings (and/or watch a video) in advance and answer a set ofquestions in order to be prepared for the in-class discussions and activities; you can expect each ofthese preparations to take about 2-3 hours

Explain the linkages among conservation and social justice