The more confi dence your readers have in your descriptions of such texts, the more they are also likely to credit your uses and interpreta-tions of them.

extracting such materials is only part of the job

As I write this book, for instance, I am sitting in a small room, before a laptop computer, surrounded by books, papers, and magazines—all of which I am, in some metaphorical sense, “in conversation with” (in much the same way I am also in conversation with you, my imagined reader).

third reader

conversation are subtler than those of debate;

But you rarely win over a person you are speaking with by fi rst refuting what she or he has just said.

A dialogue is not a debate. You don’t win a con-versation, you add to it, push it ahead, keep it going, “put your oar in,” and maybe even sometimes redirect or divert the fl ow of talk.

In this view, to be-come a lawyer, a historian, a biologist, or a social worker, you need to learn to think and talk like a lawyer, a historian, a biologist, or a social

Twitter, unmediated by the press, has proved an extremely effective communication tool for Trump.

“And then they said, ‘You know he’s killed reporters,’ ” Trump told the audience. “And I don’t like that. I’m totally against that.

Calculated outrage

Glimpses of his family’s wealth-seeking activities will likely emerge during his presidency,

Presidents from Jimmy Carter onward have balanced this unique exemption with a unique act of disclosure: the voluntary publication of their income-tax returns. At a press conference on January 11, Trump made clear that he will not follow that tradition.

how difficult it will be to enforce laws against an uncooperative president.

What about Trump’s conflicts of interest? “This is not what I’m concerned about in Congress,” Ryan said on CNBC. Trump should handle his conflicts “however he wants to.”

“I don’t know. I’m not really focused on these things.”

Trump has scant interest in congressional Republicans’ ideas, does not share their ideology, and cares little for their fate.

“Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.

“democratic recession.”

guaranteed a successful future.

If this were happening in Honduras, we’d know what to call it.

Other paths remain open. It is up to Americans to decide which one the country will follow.

Wise business leaders take care to credit Trump’s personal leadership for any good news, and to avoid saying anything that might displease the president or his family.

t’s 2021, and President Donald Trump will shortly be sworn in for his second term. The 45th president has visibly aged over the past four years. He rests heavily on his daughter Ivanka’s arm during his infrequent public appearances.Fortunately for him, he did not need to campaign hard for reelection. His has been a popular presidency: Big tax cuts, big spending, and big deficits have worked their familiar expansive magic. Wages have grown strongly in the Trump years, especially for men without a college degree, even if rising inflation is beginning to bite into the gains. The president’s supporters credit his restrictive immigration policies and his TrumpWorks infrastructure program.

The feminine opinion of your mother, however, who wished to keep you busy with spinning and silly girlishness, following the common custom of women, was the major obstacle to your being more involved in the sciences.

but in the perfection of conduct and virtues.

where no one will reside except all ladies of fame and women worthy of praise, for the walls of the city will be closed to those women who lack virtue.

in fact we have come to vanquish from the world the same error into which you had fallen

realize how their claims could be true when compared to the natural behavior and character of women.

Because the subject seemed to me not very pleasant for people who do not enjoy lies,

s always a product of the culture from which it springs.

eliberative rhetoric about reform: The future imagined as a utopia can be used in argu-ments for shaping the future.

canons of memory (memoria) and inven-tion (inventio) are perhaps most remarkable for their systematized handling of imagined places and imagined temporal realities.

appeals to broad cultural ideals and organizing principles.

define a utopian rhetoric as the use of symbolic communication in an attempt to move the actual state of human affairs into alignment with an imagined, better state of affairs