One thing I shall say: how could they make progress when they were alwa
What would being look backed, in this case? The county of Edessa?
61 Matching Annotations
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going to lead the people out of the land of Egypt, he promised them a better land. Otherwise would that people, who knew only earthy things, ever have followed him? He led
This is an interesting analogy, depicting how the Christian perspective was such that the leader was not given burden of the failure; rather, the general army as a whole is given fault for their characteristics.
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of Edessa fell to the resurgent Muslims. As a result, Pope Eugene II called for a new crusade - the Second. He was enthusiastically supported in this call by his mentor, St. Bernard of Cl
The first crusader state to be founded and also the first to fall.
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ence in the Lord that those who have decided to undertake so holy a work shall not strive after these things, but shall show zeal and diligence with all their strength in the matter
Emphasis on Crusaders not to go to conquest for material gain and wealth.
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ope Urban did institute; and do decree that their wives and sons, their goods also and possessions shall remain under the protection of our selves and of the archbishops, bishops and o
Protection and allocation of one’s specific material resources seem to be extremely important to the crusaders. Perhaps showing how feudalism was an important part of society back then.
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be bravely defended by you the sons. But if it should happen otherwise, which God forbid, the valour of the fathers will be found to have diminished in the case the of the sons.
I’m interpreting this as a future recommendation for leaders to not forget why the initial crusades occurred, and to not become complacent.
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the pagans)
out of curiosity, what was the Frankish perspective that made Muslims “pagans”, in this case?
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ans that city where our Saviour willed to suffer for u
Referring to the muslim occupation of Jerusalem.
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:. E::::-.. Babcock, tr. August; r-,:'. t pp. 377_83.Documents(ii) John KinnamosIn the meantime, the king of Palestine came to Byzantium to petition theemperor for what he required. Obtaining what he sought, he agreed to manythings, including his subjection to the emperor on those terms.John Kinnamos, The Deeds oJ lohn and Manuel Comnenus, rr. Charles Brand, ColumbiaUniversity Press, New York, 1976, p. 209€LMUSLIM AND FRANKISH MILITARY TACTICS Document 17Walter the Chancellor w*s an eye-witness source from the Pincipality ofAntioch who was concerned to recoril events Jor posterity. His witingscotered the period 7114-22 and here he descibes the temptation posed tothe Franhs by a Muslim incursion and the dfficulties of Prince Roger ofAntioch in persuading
Did attacks from the Muslim side increase when the King went to consult with the Bynzatine emperor?
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a person
Who did this person end up being?
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elegation consisring of men of high rank be sent to explain the diffrcultie.the kingdom to the princes o[ the West and to ask their aid. The envoys u...,lnstructed to visit the pope and those illustrious lords, the emperor of : -Romans, rhe kings of France, England, sicily and the Spains, and also otr-.-distinguished dukes and counts and implore their assistance in combatt::,:the imminent perils now threatening the kingdom. It was further resolr'.-that the precarious situation o[ the realm be made known to the emperorConstantinopie. Since he was much nearer to us and was besides far rici:.:than rhe orhers, he could more easily furnish the desi.red aid. lt was specifi: -also that the envc-ry sent to the emperor should be a person so gifted ri -wisdom, eloquence and authority that by his tact and ability he might inch:..the mind of that great prince to comply with our wishes'while they were deliberating over the selection of a suitable person :unclertake this important mission, the king had been consulting with stt:-,.of his more inrimate counsellors. Ele now laid before the assembly a plan u-hi-.he hacl conceived. He declared that a mjssion of such importance ctuid:,.undertaken by no one but himself and added that he was prepared to under.all perils and hardships to relieve the desperate necessity of the kingdor:'.The nobles of the realm, though fiI1ed with admiration, were almost overCOll-.:by this proposal and protested that the task was tclo arduous; moreo\.i:without the presence of the king the realm would be desolate. Amalr -answered, however, 'Let the l-ord, whose minister I am, rule the kingdom: "for me, I am determined to go; no one can induce me to recall that decisit'r-Accordingly, on 10 March t1l7l l, attende d by a great retinue as befitte:the royal majesty, he set out on the journey.Williamo[-Iyre,A :tistory o.f DeedsDone Beyondthe Sea,ed. EmllyBabcock, tr' Aug:Krey, 2 vols, Columbia Universlty Press, New York, 19'13, vo1. 2, pp' 377-83'iii) John Ku
Wasn’t it’s anticipated by the Pope and other illustrious lords that the crusades in the east would be difficult and would require manpower from the west?
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ing lAmalricl summoned all his nobles to him and laid before them : -needs of the rea1m. For he perceived that the kingdom was weighed dornn -many troubles
What was the turning point that led to the suggestion of rising Muslim dominance?
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ersuadinghis men
What would the persuasion be here, in this case? Weren’t the franks outnumbered?
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them come our hopes of hastening a victory over them (the Frani:because o[what is true conceming their weakness, the paucity of their cava.:and numbers, and the (far) distance of their reinforcements
Seems that the Muslim sources started making observations of the weaknesses of the Crusaders.
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if yourselves are
Is “jihad” in this context in the sense that the Muslim leaders should take time to resolve their difference and enmity.
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af ter'w ar ds, how et, er, f ew he
Was As-Sulami aware of the cultural context of the time, that would have only a few who heed it? What would eventually change this?
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e wealth, and to guard what remains in our hands of the country. Were it not for our hopes of removing them by going to fight them and taking back the country from them, it would not b
Re-emphasizes the need of Jihad in a defensive sense against Frank aggression.
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with the shadows of this calamity, of which the outcome is conquest [by] these blasphemers and ex
The author rebukes the sultans and other Muslim individuals who are giving into worldly pleasures, at least according to an Islamic perspective.
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rd against them [the enemy] by themselves, and to remove their evil separately from others. Yet if the group was weak, and was not able to be sufficient [to face] the enemy and to defeat their evil, then the obligation [to help] is imposed on the people of the nearby countries, such as Syria, for example. If the enemy attacks one of its cities, and there are not enough people in
This ruling on Jihad suggests that if manpower was not enough in one area, it was obligatory for other city states to reinforce the expeditions within a country.
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rcy on him) said: “The least that the imam must do is that he allow no year to pass without having organized a military expedition by himself, or by his raiding parties, according
The Muslim perspective is such that jihad is the repellent to Christian expansionism.
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and competed, and they conquered in the same way one city after another in al-Andalus [Islamic Spain]. When the reports confirmed for them that this country [the Holy Land] suffered from the disagreement of its masters and its rulers’ being unaware of its deficiencies and needs
There was a trend of a sort of decline within Islamic expansion during the time, specifically in the emirate of siciliy, the Almohad caliphate in Islamic Spain, and Jerusalem.
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ositions on the Muslims which they threw off, and the forbidden things which they acted badly by doing, made it necessary that God dispersed their unity, split up their togetherness, threw enmity and hatred between them and tempted their enemies to snatch their country from their g
The religious scholar deems that the leaders neglected the rules of being a caliph; thus, their disunity and discord was a divine consequence of such.
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Sulami’s plea, the message of The Book of the Jihad appears to have been largely ignored, especially by the Muslim lea
What would the context be that this book was initially ignored? Was it the fact that they were disunited until Salahuddin’s leadership in the late 1100s?
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ward o[
Was there some sort of quarantine process for the sick? It seems that the healthcare providers of the time valued the nutrition and diets of their patients significantly more.
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owl, and
It is interesting to see how meats and animals were compartmentalized under certain regulations and processes.
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royal archives into his history d
Would him copying the document corrupt the authenticity of it, by any chance? Such as opinionated glances & perspective to objective series of events?
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ffi , *:T
How did the knights serve other functions in the holy city? Like the dome of the rock?
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ng of Babylo
King of Babylon= Salahudin?
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disturbed their possessions, and have made themselves exceedingly troublesome.
Since the Knight’s Templar fell into some sort of defunct state later on, I wonder if they contributed any significant role to the failures of the fourth crusade, etc.
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known as the guardian of all virtues and which, since it sits in the lowest place, cannot fall), they with
What was the particulars catalyst that would drive them away from the Patriach? Did their ideology centering around Christianity change during this time?
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numbers began to grow
Did the Knight’s Templar remain confined to France & Jerusalem throughout those nine years? How did they affect the battles in other areas like Medieval Spain at the time?
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secular clothi
What would secular clothing look like in this era? What was the reason for this as well?
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Lord's
Where was the Lord’s temple?
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hind to pray in peace and bring about the anticipated miracle. The success ofthe Melkite priests at summoning the Holy Fire demonstrated to the watch-ing Christian communit
Fascination distinction to see how the patriarch was not considered in replacement of the Melkite priests, and that the Franks did recognize the important role of the Melkites as well.
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Steven Runciman claimed that "when they [the
It is fascinating to see how the Caliphs did not treat the Eastern Christian Community any different than that of the crusaders. In my opinion, this was to show that the attitude of the rulers (whether Christian or muslim) towards these minority groups might not necessarily derived solely from religious perspectives.
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tlris period, it appears that t
It is interesting to see why the bishops of Palestine decreased dramatically during the 11th century. Was this the result of an Islamic development between the Fatimids and the Seljuks, or the Crusaders justifying that only one bishop could be the head of the communal body?
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tion i.their affairs. Their appeal to ru
This distinction of appealing to ruling sultans, caliphs, and emirs distinguishes the Frankish system of working through the political and ecclesiastical system in order to discover who could resolve the conflict they faced.
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The Syrians, ac-cording to facques, cover up their wives like the Saracens, and
Distinction made here between Syrian Christians and Syrian Arab Muslims despite having the same culture and linguistics.
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Knowledge of Greek as a literary and liturgical la
Example of the arabization process that also happened in other areas of North Africa and Al-Andalusia as well.
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ognized
Did the franks differentiate by linguistics to simply the logistics of the crusaders and their management of the population they would manage?
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hroniclers of the First C
“Castle of heretics” is an interesting term in regards to the first crusade vs the second, third, and fourth differentiates how particularly unique the nuances and dynamics the first crusades were.
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s stand out in the cru
Would heretics be used as a subsequent term if these Christians did not agree with the policy of the pope and western crusaders.
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hristian man." At this moment at least, it seemed that the crusatlcrs slr,rr, ,lUrban's goal of liberating their "eastern brethren," not just cleansirrg tlrr. lr,,lrplaces of infidel pollution
Despite the initial goal to liberate their eastern counterparts, what specific developments would later lead to the future generation of crusaders attacking and discriminating against the same people they swore to protect.
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East]. For we who were occidentals have now become orientals. He who was a Roman or a Frank has in this land been made into a Galilean or a Palestinian. He who was of Rheims or Chartres has now become a citizen of Tyre or Antioch. We have already forgotten the places of our birth; already these are unknown to many of us or not mentioned any more.
This could be a stretch, but would & could this be considered the beginning of an indigenization process for the crusaders (e.g provided they were able to successfully establish a state and hold it in the modern-day?)
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The people of Antioch were not able to help us, nor we them.
Why were the people of Antioch not able to help? Wasn’t Antioch a critical gateway city that connected Anatolia to the Levant region?
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ncerning his homeland and his loved ones. The new arrivals told us all that they knew. When we heard good news we rejoiced; when they told of misfortune we were saddened. They came on to Jerusalem; they visited the Holy of Holies, for which purpose they had come. Following that, some remained in the Holy Land, and others went back to their native countries. For this reason the land of Jerusalem remained depopulated. There were not enough people to defend it from the Saracens if only the latter dared attack us.
I wonder if holy sites for the Muslims (e.g the Aqua compound) were destroyed or consecrated during this time? There seems to be very little details about this specific development.
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the beginning of his reign Baldwin [I, the king of Jerusalem] as yet possessed few cities [that is, only Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Joppa] and people. Th
What differentiated Baldwin from other crusader leaders? It seems even with a smaller force, his skillset was such that the well-supplied, much larger Muslim armies wouldn’t go against him at the time.
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The people’s crusade is usually defined by the lack of a central authority figure and poor logistics that led to this most violent and breakdown of order.
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Could it be said that the pope had ulterior motives behind the first crusade? In order to unite his church with the eastern branch?
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The Muslim standpoint makes sense in this context, as Al-Andalusia (Islamic Spain and Portugal) alongside the emirate of Sicily (which was conquered by the normans) were under Islamic rule at the time.
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Out of curiosity, what made Jerusalem a destabilized region, at the time?
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The narrative of the first crusade being intimidated to just reclaim former Christian lands under Muslim hands is a general overview of the situation. The importance of the Byzantium empire as the center of eastern Christianity (e.g holding former cities like Constantinople) cannot be underplayed.
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The author does a great job of how the many nuances and cultural & religious contexts of the crusade are often too simplified to the point of historical inaccuracies.
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Byzantine history is such that Pope Urban the second’s request to launch the crusades towards the east represents the religious important of the Byzantine territories.
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had converted Armenians and Greek youths, as if for want of servants, and had given them wives. When such men as these had a chance to escape, they came to us with horses and arms. A
Are these examples of forced conversions practiced by the Turks? It is interesting to see how they were unsuccessful, at least during the inter generational exchange.
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Saracens
First use of the word saracens to refer to the Muslims.
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arrogance
Arrogance seems to be a common motif that priests and the clergy mitigate as much as possible. This could explain why they scrutinized who was allowed to crusade.
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us, because the Turks pressed us on all sides, so that none of us dared now to go out of the tents, for they constrained us on one side, and excruciating hunger on the other; but of succour and help we bad none. The lesser folk, and the very poor fled to Cyprus, Romania, and into the mountains. Through fear of the most evil Turks we dared not go to the sea, and the way was never made
A bit of a side note, but I find it somewhat interesting that the term “saracens” have not been used as of yet, just Turks. Saracens was the prevalent medieval term to describe the Muslims.
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When the Armenians and Syrians, however, saw that our men were returning utterly empty-handed, they counselled together and went away through the mountains and places of which they had previous knowledge, making subtle inquiry and buying grain and other bodily sustenance
This is quite an interesting piece in the excerpt, as a primary motivator for the crusades was seemingly past the idea of materialistic sustenance. Even though this was a principle entrenched in crusading ideology, times of hardship left it such that it would still have a tremendous impact on morale.
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aptured the town in one day since there was no garrison there, for its Roman [that is, Greek] guardians had fled. Alp Arslan slaughtered all the inhabitants of the town because of the insult directed at his brother, the sultan Tughrul, by these same inhabitants at a previous time; for this insult had not as yet been avenged at the time of Tughrul’s death. . .
I am curious how these events were interpreted, whether as a Seljuk Turk phenomenon of violence, or an extension of Islamic expansionism? (from a Christian, Armenian perspective?)
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forces. Then they came and entered Armenia in the province of Vaspurakan and mercilessly slaughtered the Christian faithful with the edge of the sword. . . . Until that time the Arm
Although slightly unrelated, this description of the Seljuks and their supposed brutality reminds me quite extensively of the later mongol campaigns against many countries. Specifically their sacking of Baghdad, these forces would be a reckoning to both the Islamic and Christian world.
However, considering the time of this writing was during the 11th century, this was an accurate description of how a foreign, non-Christian group would be interpreted. A very Christian, somewhat Eurocentric view of events.
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