The next seven to ten days would be spent in writer’s workshop

Even though the initial interpre-tation was not supported in the text, as discussion con-tinued, the students adjusted their interpretation as theygathered more information

Thesuccess of all classroom discussion depends on theteacher having established a supportive classroomcommunity, in which students feel safe in sharing theirthoughts, puzzlements, and confusion without judg-ment.

interpretive power with the teacher and forces the stu-dents into a guessing game where they feel the needto determine the “correct” interpretation.

They argued that ELA teachersshould enhance practices in the classroom that allowstudents the ability to create their own interpretationswithout labeling those interpretations as merely wrongor incorrect.

what students were trying to say (often only a few words) and incorpo-rate them into their own longer comments

C’mon, you guys,” he says. “Somebodytell me: what’s one place you can draw a heart?” After a long silence, hesighs in exasperation. “Okay, I’ll give you a freebee,” he says, and reads afew lines out loud. “Everyone draw a heart there,” he says when he isfinished.

Another program encourages teachers to observe the communityimmediately outside the school through anthropological ethnography

Putting our hands on students in any way can cause long-lastingdistress.

Instead, what works to decreasebullying is creating equitable, affirming school environments.

reducing barriers to safe housing and health care does

youths were paid an allowance

fear, despair, and negative valuations of theself can be immobilizing

privatization apparent in reforms like the spread of char-ter schools

Neighborhood community-based organizations can shareownership of the stores: New Community Corporation, in Newark, New Jersey,has a majority equity stake in a Pathmark supermarket in Newark’s central wardwith sales per square foot twice the national average.

Exclusionary zoning (state or local regulations regarding land lot size, forexample, taken up in more detail in the next chapter) limit the construction ofaffordable housing in the job-rich suburbs, and thereby prevent people who needthe jobs from moving closer to them.

When Ronald Reagan became President in 1981, the explicit assault onKeynesian practices began

former Labor Secretary RobertReich was moved to ask why Americans didn’t get equity in the firms when webailed them out (that is, get part of the profits when things got better) like WarrenBuffett did when he bailed out Goldman Sachs.

duringPresident Clinton’s tenure

For the U.S. had—during thedecades between World War II and the late 1970s—an economic system that grewa large middle class, and spread income and wealth widely among the population

The Strategist

teachers often disregarded this type of information,resulting in thwarted advocacy.

But since Brown v. Board of Educationcontributed to breaking this historic link betweenschools and black communities, principals now mustdo much more to establish these relationships.