All presidents have lived in the White House. (Major premise) George Washington was president. (Minor premise) George Washington lived in the White House. (Conclusion)
My philosophy class touched on this last unit, we talked about how you can have arguments that have no logical meaning, but are sound or unsound.
Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes or in their offices: secretaries, business men and women, military and federal workers, moms and dads, friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror. The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge—huge structures collapsing have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness, and a quiet, unyielding anger. These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed. Our country is strong. A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America.
Terrorist attacks usually aim to strike fear, and cause destruction and pain, and they succeed in the pain and destruction, but generally they fail when it comes to causing fear. They solidify the country and cause patriotism and strength to blossom despite tragedy.
establishing credibility is even more important, as audience members may be quick to discount or discredit someone who doesn’t appear prepared or doesn’t present well-researched and supported information.
Credibility can be shown in different ways, for instance, if I were to walk into a speaking room, with misshapen clothing and crazy hair, it already discounts my credibility nonverbally.
Choose a topic that is current. Not current. People should use seat belts. Current. People should not text while driving. Choose a topic that is controversial. Not controversial. People should recycle. Controversial. Recycling should be mandatory by law. Choose a topic that meaningfully impacts society. Not as impactful. Superman is the best superhero. Impactful. Colleges and universities should adopt zero-tolerance bullying policies. Write a thesis statement that is clearly argumentative and states your stance. Unclear thesis. Homeschooling is common in the United States. Clear, argumentative thesis with stance. Homeschooling does not provide the same benefits of traditional education and should be strictly monitored and limited.
Choosing a topic that has already been discussed, is obvious, or is only impactful for a small group is difficult to persuade because the audience won't stay interested. Also, not on topic, but as someone who was previously homeschooled, it gave me more opportunities to grow than any public school would.
warrant
I hadn't previously connected a persuasive arguments warrant to this kind of warrant, but it makes a lot of sense, a "warrant for an arrest" is a reason for an arrest.
What limits, if any, do you think there should be on the use of touch in airport screening procedures?
Because we have more advanced airport technology I think it should be limited more, as well as if touch is absolutely necessary, should be done in private, with a supervisor there.
The engulfing hug is similar to a bear hug in that one person completely wraps the arms around the other as that person basically stands there. This hugging behavior usually occurs when someone is very excited and hugs the other person without warning
This hug can be especially awkward and constricting often times.
Touch is necessary for human social development, and it can be welcoming, threatening, or persuasive. Research projects have found that students evaluated a library and its staff more favorably if the librarian briefly touched the patron while returning his or her library card, that female restaurant servers received larger tips when they touched patrons, and that people were more likely to sign a petition when the petitioner touched them during their interaction (Andersen, 1999).
I think Touch is something that is also perceived in different ways generationally, but it might also be a situation with older men specifically (Which kinda creeps me out if so). But I think touch can be perceived differently by generations. Older generations might have an easier time with touch but younger generations might have been subconsciously trained to stray away from touch due to the pandemic and the different perception of touch and disease.
Our pupils dilate when there is a lack of lighting and contract when light is plentiful (Guerrero & Floyd, 2006). Pain, sexual attraction, general arousal, anxiety/stress, and information processing (thinking) also affect pupil dilation. Researchers measure pupil dilation for a number of reasons.
This is an interesting contrast, the Pain, and anxiety/stress is a part of the sympathetic nervous system while the Parasympathetic nervous system deals in arousal, resting and digestion. I just thought the physiological affects are interesting.
One interesting standing posture involves putting our hands on our hips and is a nonverbal cue that we use subconsciously to make us look bigger and show assertiveness. When the elbows are pointed out, this prevents others from getting past us as easily and is a sign of attempted dominance or a gesture that says we’re ready for action.
This is definitely one that I know as a "Mom pose" which means that you either need to shut up and do as you're told or very quickly find out what it means to mess up when you're talking to Mom
Many of us subconsciously click pens, shake our legs, or engage in other adaptors during classes, meetings, or while waiting as a way to do something with our excess energy. Public speaking students who watch video recordings of their speeches notice nonverbal adaptors that they didn’t know they used. In public speaking situations, people most commonly use self- or object-focused adaptors.
A lot of the time this can be used as a self-soothing behavior as well as an adaptor. It generally is a sign of anxiety and shows that someone is anxious or needing comfort. These can also be a self-stimming behavior as well.
Rate Rate of
I've always struggled with the rate of my speeches, I stumble over slowly, or I rush through, and I have trouble finding a good middle because I generally use the KWO method.
Strengths of Extemporaneous Delivery Speech content and delivery appear more spontaneous and natural, making it more conversational, since the speaker is using a keyword/key-phrase outline. Speakers can include quotes or complex information on their speaking outline for easy reference. Speakers can adapt information and delivery to specific audiences, occasions, and audience reactions, since they are not confined to the content of a manuscript or what they memorized.
this is my favorite form of speeches to give, I like giving these because I can adapt it, as well as how I use KWO (key word outlines) for most of my essays as well.
We can, however, engage in physical relaxation exercises to counteract the general physical signs of anxiety caused by cortisol and adrenaline release, which include increased heart rate, trembling, flushing, high blood pressure, and speech disfluency.
When cortisol and adrenaline are released within our bodies, it's a fear response, which is from the instincts we have from a long long time ago. this is from the autonomic and somatic, or sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Adrenaline is also knows as norepinephrine, which is similarly built to epinephrine.
Speaking anxiety often leads people to view public speaking negatively. They are more likely to judge a speech they gave negatively, even if it was good. They’re also likely to set up negative self-fulfilling prophecies that will hinder their performance in future speeches. To effectively use positive visualization, it’s best to engage first in some relaxation exercises such as deep breathing or stretching, which we will discuss more later, and then play through vivid images in your mind of giving a successful speech.
“Remember, you have been criticizing yourself for years and it hasn’t worked. Try approving of yourself and see what happens.” ― Louise L. Hay, You Can Heal Your Life
ognitive reactions to public speaking anxiety often include intrusive thoughts that can increase anxiety: “People are judging me,” “I’m not going to do well,” and “I’m going to forget what to say.” These thoughts are reactions to the physiological changes in the body but also bring in the social/public aspect of public speaking in which speakers fear being negatively judged or evaluated because of their anxiety. The physiological and cognitive responses to anxiety lead to behavioral changes. All these thoughts may lead someone to stop their speech and return to their seat or leave the classroom. Anticipating these reactions can also lead to avoidance behavior where people intentionally avoid situations where they will have to speak in public. Addressing Public Speaking Anxiety
These reactions especially happen when pauses happen, and you expect a response, but none come. Usually this incites a fight/flight response in people.
The second year represents a time of intense practice—of verbal trial and error.
I experience this daily with my 2.5 year old sister, she's working on her speech and learning how to pronounce things such as "yes" which she says "yeth" or when somebody asks how she's doing, she says "two n half" because she misunderstands what they're asking
Someone would likely know what you mean by the question “Where’s the remote control?” But “The control remote where’s?” is likely to be unintelligible or at least confusing (Crystal, 2005).
You can compare this to Yoda's speech pattern, literally out of order. "Do or do not. There is no try." or "The greatest teacher. Failure is." - Yoda
Language is productive in the sense that there are an infinite number of utterances we can make by connecting existing words in new ways. In addition, there is no limit to a language’s vocabulary, as new words are coined daily. Of course, words aren’t the only things we need to communicate, and although verbal and nonverbal communication are closely related in terms of how we make meaning, nonverbal communication is not productive and limitless. Although we can only make a few hundred physical signs, we have about a million words in the English language. So with all this possibility, how does communication generate meaning?
The English language is also a complicated one. It's very patchworked and built by different languages and also doesn't follow consistent rules like other languages do. sometimes I believe the only consistent rule of the english language is that it's inconsistent.
For example, the word calculate comes from the Latin word calculus, which means “pebble.” But what does a pebble have to do with calculations? Pebbles were used, very long ago, to calculate things before we developed verbal or written numbering
I like how this relates to tally marks too, how we use each line to represent one, then group them in five
Definitions help us narrow the meaning of particular symbols, which also narrows a symbol’s possible referents. They also provide more words (symbols) for which we must determine a referent. If a concept is abstract and the words used to define it are also abstract, then a definition may be useless. Have you ever been caught in a verbal maze as you look up an unfamiliar word, only to find that the definition contains more unfamiliar words? Although this can be frustrating, definitions do serve a purpose.
Slang is hard to describe sometimes if a person is unfamiliar with it, as well as if it's a word well known that people are so familiar with that we don't know how to define it because it's used so often to define things
Whether it’s Red Bull aggressively marketing to the college-aged group or gyms marketing to single, working, young adults, much thought and effort goes into crafting a message with a particular receiver in mind. Some companies even create an “ideal customer,” going as far as to name the person, create a psychological and behavioral profile for them, and talk about them as if they were real during message development (Solomon, 2006).
Red Bull also markets in a way that makes the perceiver subconsciously believe that people who drink Red Bull can do insane stunts based on the stunts that people do while marketing Red Bull, from what I can tell. It makes it seem that it's healthy as well because these athletes who are performing the stunts are drinking Red Bull, when it's not healthy for the body.
Conduct some preliminary audience analysis of your class and your classroom. What are some demographics that might be useful for you to consider? What might be some attitudes, beliefs, and values people have that might be relevant to your speech topics? What situational factors might you want to consider before giving your speech?
Some demographics to consider might be that not everyone has had the experience of working for their parents or working at a food truck, which both apply to me, but not everyone can relate to that.
Figure 9.1 shows how brainstorming works in stages. A list of topics that interest the speaker are on the top row. The speaker can brainstorm subtopics for each idea to see which one may work the best. In this case, the speaker could decide to focus his or her informative speech on three common ways people come to own dogs: through breeders, pet stores, or shelters.
This makes sense for the speaker to go with dogs because it's a good, relatable subject to go into. People know what dogs are, and generally it is a topic most people can relate to. Sports, Freeganism, Wall Street, vinyl music and Hipster Culture are all not so common topics to go with
In other cases, we speak to persuade, as we try to influence an audience’s beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors.
a very important note on persuasive speeches and essays, you cannot fall into logical fallacies. They confuse the listeners and discount your purpose.
At the outermost level, attitudes are our likes and dislikes, and they are easier to influence than beliefs or values because they are often reactionary. If you’ve ever followed the approval rating of a politician, you know that people’s likes and dislikes change frequently and can change dramatically based on recent developments. This is also true interpersonally. For those of you who have siblings, think about how you can go from liking your sisters or brothers, maybe because they did something nice for you, to disliking them because they upset you. This seesaw of attitudes can go up and down over the course of a day or even a few minutes, but it can still be useful for a speaker to consider. If there is something going on in popular culture or current events that has captured people’s attention and favor or disfavor, then you can tap into that as a speaker to better relate to your audience.
Many times these can vary based on the physiological aspects of the human body as well. Hormones, comfortability, sleep patterns, etc. If I haven't gotten much sleep, as many college students do. Scheduling a speech early in the morning at a college may result in a small turnout based on the college student body. Scheduling it in the afternoon may benefit more, eg, knowing your audience
Think about how your communication with someone might differ if he or she were introduced to you as an artist versus a doctor. We make similar interpretations based on where people are from, their age, their race, and other social and cultural factors
Subconscious bias' can also influence how we speak to different people.
Describe an encounter that you have had with a law enforcement officer (if you haven’t had a direct experience you can use a hypothetical or fictional example). What were your perceptions of the officer? What do you think his or her perceptions were of you? What schemata do you think contributed to each of your interpretations?
I once got pulled over twice in one week for two different instances, the first was for speeding, and I was on my way to work and got hit by a speed trap on a foggy road, I'd accidentally spilled chili on my backseat on my way to work as well, which didn't help much. I'd been respectful and I think because of the chili situation he felt bad for me.<br /> I think the schemata that contributed to his interpretations of me was I was a younger person, just trying to get to work, who'd spilled a container of chili in her backseat.
We also group things together based on similarity. We tend to think similar-looking or similar-acting things belong together. I have two friends that I occasionally go out with, and we are all three males, around the same age, of the same race, with short hair and glasses. Aside from that, we don’t really look alike, but on more than one occasion a server at a restaurant has assumed that we’re brothers. Despite the fact that many of our other features are different, the salient features are organized based on similarity and the three of us are suddenly related.
This also ties into science where people have studied doppelgangers as well, there are subtle differences in their features that people don't notice at all.
I’m sure we’ve all gotten sucked into a television show, video game, or random project and paid attention to that at the expense of something that actually meets our needs like cleaning or spending time with a significant other. Paying attention to things that interest us but don’t meet specific needs seems like the basic formula for procrastination that we are all familiar with.
Not just cleaning or spending time with a significant other, but also important deadlines and homework assignments
It is probably not surprising to learn that visually and/or aurally stimulating things become salient in our perceptual field and get our attention. Creatures ranging from fish to hummingbirds are attracted to things like silver spinners on fishing poles or red and yellow bird feeders. Having our senses stimulated isn’t always a positive thing though. Think about the couple that won’t stop talking during the movie or the upstairs neighbor whose subwoofer shakes your ceiling at night. In short, stimuli can be attention-getting in a productive or distracting way.
This can also affect people who have adhd more, things that aren't as stimulating to neurotypical people can be extremely hard to ignore for people who have adhd or autism
Print media such as newspapers and magazines continue to be an important channel for mass communication, although they have suffered much in the past decade due in part to the rise of electronic media.
My dad has connections with the local newspaper from Star, and they print magazines now instead of only newspapers. Currently they continue to grow, which is interesting in this mostly digital world today. I find it interesting especially because of how you only really find newspapers in small town areas such as Star, and usually at the cafes. Newspapers have their niche places that you find them
There are five forms of communication: intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication. Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself and occurs only inside our heads. Interpersonal communication is communication between people whose lives mutually influence one another and typically occurs in dyads, which means in pairs. Group communication occurs when three or more people communicate to achieve a shared goal. Public communication is sender focused and typically occurs when one person conveys information to an audience. Mass communication occurs when messages are sent to large audiences using print or electronic media.
Essentially, Intrapersonal is thoughts withing your head/personal self Interpersonal communication is within friends/family/ to one person, Group communication is generally with multiple others than yourself, sometimes towards a shared goal Public communication is the X post, facebook post, or instagram pic you posted last week, Mass communication is used in situations like newspapers, PSAs, and school rallies
You’re hopefully already beginning to see that communication studies is a diverse and vibrant field of study.
yes.
Goal-oriented communication in interpersonal interactions usually relates to one person; for example, I may ask my friend to help me move this weekend.
Goal-oriented communication could also happen intrapersonally, could it not? it is a form of group communication, but could be considered a form of intrapersonal communication due to the way that most people plan within their brains. For instance, I have a goal, so I plan, and work on that goal by myself, but use intrapersonal goal-oriented communication.
I’m sure we have all had the experience of laughing aloud because we thought of something funny. We also communicate intrapersonally to pass time. I bet there is a lot of intrapersonal communication going on in waiting rooms all over the world right now.
I'm curious if people who have been diagnosed have more intrapersonal communication than neurotypical people. Is it as significant as people who are neurotypical? Are there as many internal discussions? What if people who have ADHD have more significant questions?
Just think about how a prehistoric human could have communicated a lot using these words and hand gestures. He or she could use gurgle to alert others to the presence of water or swoosh and whack to recount what happened on a hunt.
This reminds me of how my father and one of his employees communicate. There is a language barrier between them, so most of the time when they work together he's using sound affects and grand gestures. It's quite funny to watch, so if he needs to talk about blending something, he generally uses the "SZHHZZZZ" (idk blender sounds) and twirling a finger to simulate the blender spinning. She does the same with him.