Addition-ally, future work may study heterogeneous responses based onracial or ethnic identity or gender.
There are racial and ethnic factors that play a big role in this question. Generally, POC spend more time with extended family than white people.
TheATUS data contains well-being responses that were collected afew hours after interactions, rather than in real time. Although thisremains a minimal concern, we suggest caution when comparingthese findings to experiential sampling studies
There are limits to this study. The responses weren't collected in real time, there's no results for long-term responses, and there's a need to better measure the quality of social interactions. Compare the results with caution
This pattern suggestsnonparent role models play an important compensatory role infamily interactions for adolescents in stepfamilies
Extended family benefits are more compensatory
Older siblings, therefore, played apositive role in the daily well-being of their younger siblingswithout sacrificing their own well-being
older siblings play a more valuable role than younger siblings, but they still both can improve well-being
suggesting that infrequent and brief contact limited the benefitsof this type of contact.
I wonder if the long-term stressors are because of this factor, or other factors?
This finding has noteworthy importance con-sidering the documented long-term consequences of stress on thedevelopment and health of the youth brain
this study reveals benefits that add to the study of long-term consequences of stepparents on adolescents.
suggest that there isnot a single universal path for adolescents and stepparents to builda strong relationship.
strong stepparent relationships depend on each individual child and stepparent.
This lack ofresponse to parents may come from a lack of inclination
is this because they didn't feel inclined to spend time with the stepparent? Or both parents because the parents are spending more time together?
sharing time with younger siblingsmarginally decreased feelings of sadness, suggesting that despitesome level of conflict in sibling relationships
there are generally more benefits to interacting with siblings
other family members were lessimportant.
while there are benefits to interacting with other family members, the most important members are still the parents, which is why most studies are sone on parent-child relationships.
which suggested benefits to spending time with multiplefamily members.
While parental relationships are most important, studies revealed that interacting with both parents was more beneficial, suggesting benefits to interacting with multiple family members.
This study used the ATUS to examine differences in responsesto social interactions by family structure, underscoring the impor-tance of social interactions with family members as a criticalcontext of adolescent development. Scrutinizing adolescent socialinteractions allowed us to understand how adolescents interactwith family members and how they feel during interactions. Thestudy was also conducted to provide insight into the lived experi-ences of adolescents hailing from different family structures, pro-viding relevant information for parents, clinicians, and social sci-entists.
This study was important in expanding our knowledge of adolescent development because it studied more than just immediate and parent-child relationships. It revealed the importance of interacting with other family members and how each member affcets adolescents
ATUS
The American Time Use Survey- conducted annually to gather info about how people allocate their time. (Work, Family, Leisure, etc.)
acompensation theory
compensation theory- when individuals adjust their behavior in response to perceived disadvantages or transgressions
congruence theory
congruence theory- model of attitude adjustments made after a person receives new info. (initially separate attitudes become connected after learning new info)
Al-though there is evidence that extended family interactions may bemost beneficial for younger children in single-parent households
why is it most beneficial for them? I'm guessing it has something to do with how much time the parent spends trying to fulfill both parental roles.
Interacting withand caring for younger siblings is a practice that occurs regularlyand broadly across household types (Wikle, Jensen, & Hoagland,2018), and adolescent affect during this type of contact deservesmore attention.
Interacting with younger sibling is common, but the effect on adolescents isn't studied enough. We mostly have results of affects older siblings have
Thus, pos-itive forces (e.g., parental support) and negative forces (e.g., dif-ficulty spending time together) likely mesh during adolescentinteractions with nonresident parents, perhaps resulting in variableemotions during youth interactions with nonresident parents.
The role resident parents play during interactions with nonresident parents can affect the emotions adolescents have when interacting with nonresident parents
social capital
social capital- the value (advancing the goals of individuals and groups) from positive connections and relationships between individuals
Because parent– child relationships remain central to a familysystem, factors affecting parent– child relationships, such as familycomplexity in stepfamilies and single-parent families, alter allfamily interactions, family alliances, and family boundaries
Other family relationships are affected by parent-child relationships and any factor that affects a parent-child relationship, affects all family relationships (interactions, alliances, and boundaries)
social learning theory
Social learning theory- learning that occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling ex: kids will learn how to positively interact with other family members because they learned out to socially interact w their parents.
These differences likelyhave consequences for other family interactions. Notions of com-pensation (Noller, 2005) suggest that youths in nonnuclear familiesmay systematically seek out and differentially benefit from inter-actions with siblings and extended family members to counteractabsence of one parent in the household or difficulty spending timewith resident parents (Derkman, Engels, Kuntsche, Van der Vorst,& Scholte, 2011). On the other hand, congruence suggests thatpositive interactions with parents spill into positive interactionswith other family members due to a social learning theory mech-anism
Parent-child interactions in a nonnuclear home (such as single parents or stepparents) can have resulting consequences for other family interactions. Both examples showed benefit of interacting with other family members. One by seeking out positive interactions with other members, and the other by a social learning theory.
Thus, the exploration of several dimensions ofemotional responses provides a rich and nuanced view of adoles-cent core affect during social interactions
exploring the different moods and responses children have when interacting with different family members (not just nuclear) provides us with a more in depth and nuanced view of adolescent core-affect
coreaffect
core affect- influence reflexes, cognition, perception, and behavior
Extant research on youth affective state when interacting withothers has focused almost exclusively on the parent– child rela-tionship and has neglected other family relationships
The research isn't focused on the effects of non-parent- child relationships on adolescent development, meaning there's missing factors in current studies that could be crucial to understanding heterogeneity in adolescents.
heterogeneity
Heterogeneity- Diversity in character/content
within-group analysis
Within-Group analysis- statistical method that compares same subjects in different conditions or at different points in time
less work has evaluated heterogeneity in social interactions and adolescent responsesto family interactions stemming from variation in the home context. Using a large, nationally represen-tative data sample of adolescents from the American Time Use Survey (N 1,735), this study employsa within-group analysis to separately examine feelings of meaningfulness, happiness, sadness, and stressduring social interactions for adolescents living in nuclear homes, single-parent homes, and stepparenthomes. Results suggest adolescents in nuclear homes benefited from interactions with parents and wereless affected by siblings and extended family members. On the other hand, adolescents in nonnuclearhomes benefited from interactions with nonresident parents, older siblings, or extended family members
Heterogeneity isn't commonly studied in relation to this theory, so they used a large, nationally representative data sample of adolescents to separately study adolescent feelings in different home contexts by doing a within- group analysis. Adolescents had benefits from interacting with whoever they lived with.
The study informs parents, clinicians, andpolicymakers designing interventions for adolescents, because it more precisely conveys informationabout which family members positively influence adolescent emotional responses.
This study helps with designing interventions for adolescents because it conveys more precise info about which family members positively influence emotional responses in adolescents.
family systems theory suggests family structure could differen-tially shape adolescent emotional functioning and social development due to differences in family-levelcontexts.
The Family systems theory suggests that variation in home contexts can shape emotional functioning and social developments in adolescents.
. Family structure remains a crucial dimensionof heterogeneity in adolescent life
Family structure is an important role in the diversity of character in adolescents. their responses and mood with certain family members member can affect their relationships
This study examines how often adolescents interact with family members and how adolescents feel whenspending time with parents, nonresident parents, stepparents, siblings, and extended family members.
The study focuses on how often adolescents interact w family members and how they feel when spending time with certain members.