¿Les parece que sigue la estructura de la pirámide invertida? ¿Va de lo particular a lo general?

¿Por qué cierra con un chiste? ¿Están de acuerdo que es un lugar común el usar una cabina en emergencias? ¿Por qué sí o no?

Otra vez, recurre a la prosopopeya (personificación). ¿Por qué lo hace?

¿Conocías esta palabra? 1. Excomunión o exclusión de una persona católica de su comunidad religiosa y de la posibilidad de recibir los sacramentos, dictada por la autoridad eclesiástica competente. "entonces la Iglesia declaraba anatema a quienes creían en la predestinación" 2. Condena moral, prohibición o persecución que se hace de una persona o de una cosa (actitud, ideología, etc.) que se considera perjudicial.

Primitivamente señalaba los objetos consagrados a los dioses, especialmente las ofrendas. Con el cristianismo, pasó a significar «maldito, fuera de la Iglesia». Dentro del cristianismo, se trata de la máxima sanción impuesta a los pecadores; no solamente quedan excluidos de los sacramentos, sino que desde ese momento se les considera destinados a la condenación eterna. En el Antiguo Testamento, se condena el exterminio de las personas o cosas afectadas por una maldición atribuida a Dios (ej. Caín).

Otra vez, recurre a una figura retórica para "darle vida" a las cabinas. ¿Por qué creen que haga esto?

¿Por qué incluye una cita? ¿Por qué habrá usado este adjetivo?

¿Conoces el origen de la palabra vándalo? Vandali era el nombre latino de los wandeln, un pueblo germánico procedente de Escandinavia, que invadió Roma en el año 455, saqueándola y destruyendo muchas obras maestras de arte que se perdieron para siempre. Los vandali invadieron el sur de España en el siglo V de nuestra era, con lo que esa región tomó el nombre de Vandalía y más tarde Vandalusía, Andalusía y finalmente Andalucía.La acepción actual de vándalo en el sentido de depredador proviene del adjetivo francés vandalisme, acuñado en 1794 por el obispo republicano francés Grégoire, para criticar a los depredadores de tesoros religiosos. https://www.elcastellano.org/palabra/v%C3%A1ndalo

¿Por qué el subtítulo? ¿Por qué ahora habla de la cabina en singular y ya no en plural?

¿Por qué hace una comparación cuantitativa?

¿Por qué el cambio de párrafo? ¿Sienten que es sútil?

¿Notas la metáfora? ¿Por qué es una metáfora? ¿Qué procuró el autor con ésta?

¿Qué tipo de entradilla es? Justifica tu respuesta.

Comenta el título. ¿Qué les dice? ¿Es explícito o implícito?

I came by a three stars bus (a cheap bus)

oh, the damn candle goes out

look for me in the straddle during the neon nights, The great Marxist witch hug me twist me I am your crazy man perched to your left tight and I won't let go for nothing I am the permanent idiot you have tattooed in your left boob the left, the big and I won't erase oh, Batgirl from Mexicali

Again, highlighting the importance of dialogue.

citizen of the so-called first world

how can I explain it for you without offending you

He is talking about repression in the US to Hispanic minorities. The ones we studied during the first lectures. There is an idea that the US is different to underdeveloped countries, but it still has a lot of similarities. In the last pages he is trying to des-romanticised the US.

coward

brother from there from down there if only you knew what is like to spend a lonely night in a motel in Alabama in a Oxnard or Detroit bar walk through deserted and dangerous streets to love in New York with the fear of catching the mortal virus and, more over feel the light of a helicopter in Imperial Beach the foreigner voice at your back.

I am sad in a foreigner country we are sad in a foreigner country a country of everyone/country of nobody

Again, the notion of the otherness. Why is he talking about legalisation here?

As a matter of fact, yesterday they murdered a Mexican kid of only 8 years the border patrol states that he was a 'dangerous raider' a continuation, more news in English:

This line is from the Bible. 'man in our image, after our likeness'

Why do you think Hispanics have rights thanks to the marketing? Think about Trump's government while Disney released Coco.

pimp's paradise for everyone typhoid Chili Ortega for the blondie boy, boy, the boy, what a delicious gazpacho Don Giovani is not Mexican? He is criticising how Hispanic referents are confused with Mexican referents

This is related to Rousseau's le bon sauvage. Think about the implications of using this term: "A noble savage is a literary stock character who embodies the concept of the indigene, outsider, wild human, an "other" who has not been "corrupted" by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness. Besides appearing in many works of fiction and philosophy, the stereotype was also heavily employed in early anthropological works."

They call me the Papantla flyer. Panpantla flyers is a tradition from Veracruz:

what happened?...don't worry, we can do it without music

'chilangos' are Mexicans from Mexico City. It is not the demonym.

These are common phrases about migrants in the US. Think about the meanings.

this was a movie, an iconic Mexican movie.

why are you here foreigner? are you here to experiment the 'cultural dangers'? to touch the feet of the male-witch (I prefer male-witch than wizard as there is some chauvinism there) to ask for forgiveness? to see if you are re-oriented to the West? but their words confuse you more, they hurt you, they disconsolate you.

foreigner in your own country

art has always been judge using Western values. What comes from the West is art, outside, it belongs to the Natural history museum.

how frighten you are and in Spanish

a bad translation of mestiza

I am cannon fodder cardboard for the bonfire I burn in the contemporary art flames English burns in my throat the D.F. (Mexico City) in my memory burn in the movement flames bearly bearly bearly

the macurarro is the constructor worker assistant; nevertheless, it is used as an insult to discriminate people due to social class.

Because I suffer the big break up the parietal fracture in 5th grade sta-does united is pure illusion ...because I suffered the big exile the life is a slow exile good-bye transhuman compadre Rancher Ulises the immigration police got you for the ninth time you remained without crossing without crossing there is no redemption (think about this idea) we are no one in the disunited ether (words game with United States) in the disunited USA half and myth (word game between mitá (a common way to say half) half matched

Think: why is he running out of time?

What umbilical cord? Would you agree he is referring to the Mexican culture as an umbilical cord. It seems like he is asking Mexicans and Chicanxs not to forget their origins.

Why are houses culturally occupied? Who occupied them and how?

The relation between US and Mexico and the drug production has been really polemic. At some point, Mexico thought the issue of drugs was a US problem as they are the consumers.

Why was he claiming Jack did not order the attacks and then he recognises the responsibility of the citizens?

Again, the Global South

Discuss: who is this Jack? Why is he not to blame?

The "ay" is a common shout in mariachi songs. the laws that emasculate the mortal order in the form of a coupon of televised image ...shimmering electric voice on the other side of the telephone on the other side of the other side.

Mariachi song about a man in love with a black woman:

Why do you think he claimed he became a Chicanx when his father died?

you are fucked

'diver'. Nevertheless, Mexicans use it to ask someone to be aware or pay attention.

'Carnal' is like bro. Do not fall asleep, Samurai.

the word alleviates the historic wounds. Think about the power Gómez-Peña attributes to words: dialogue, discussion, exchange and now the power of the word love.

my dear foreigner lover

'Border brujo' appeared during the HIV-AIDS pandemic. AIDS affected, and still affects, more the minority populations. The same happened during COVID-19. Due to inequalities and discrimination, some ethnic groups are more vulnerable. Judith Butler considers that when people do not have good living conditions and are forced to work under bad or terrible conditions they experience 'slow forms of killing'. What do you think about this in relation with the recent pandemic? You can watch Butler's conference at the Whitechapel Gallery:

He is comparing the border with the Greek Underworld where Orpheus looks for Eurydice. What do you think about this comparison?

Caribbean island, French colony

Palenque is a city in Chiapas. It used to be a Mayan city; due to archeological sites, the city is too expensive for Mayans and it has become a touristic attraction.

What is the undetermined otherness? The concept of the other and his/her/their recognition has been present in many philosophical ideas. Dignity comes from the recognition of the other as my equal (Kant). Simone de Beauvoir noticed how women will never be an 'other'. Spivak explained the subaltern as these inferior others that have no recognition or voice. Meanwhile, Latin American theorists bet for a subaltern that has a voice but is missing a platform. Another problem is when the subaltern 'subalternased' and 'trash' him/her/themselves. These referents might be helpful to understand the undetermined otherness: Santisteban, R. S. (2016). Dogs and anti-miners. Extractivist discourses and repressive practices in Peru. Tabula Rasa, (24), 79-104. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S1794-24892016000100004&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en Gavin-Hebert, J. (2011). Plural desires: feminist epistemology as anarchist praxis.

Why would we need a Binational Summit?

güerita is blondie. Nevertheless, it is use in Mexico to call someone who does not look indigenous, who looks privileged. little peach in syrup, little and uncoloured buttock.

Why the dialog? Is it really and alternative

Weapons is one of the discussed topics in the border. Mexicans buy legal guns in the US, some Americans bought guns to hunt migrants.

I am unarmed (why is he claiming he is unarmed?)

Dear partner of the other side of the mirror

Vato is like mate

Xochimilco, the place where the Aztecs settled in Mexico. Now, Mexico City

Who stole the refugee's resources? Think about the Global South and new forms of colonisation.

Why are we all victims of the US government? Think about the Trump effect.

Producer of the International Image (what international image? Is he claiming he represents the international notion of Mexicanity?) Stepfather of the World Uncertainty Legislator of the Third and Last reality Big Hand that corners everything. (He is referring to the market's invisible hand)

Aztec god. One of the central deities: associated with a wide range of concepts, including the night sky, the night winds, hurricanes, the north, the earth, obsidian, hostility, discord, rulership, divination, temptation, jaguars, sorcery, beauty, war, and conflict.

Why is there a transformation once you cross the border? Interesting, I share the surname Peña, I have never had my name transformed into Penis. However, the meaning of the surname is a big and natural rock, when transformed into Pena, without the "ñ", it means sorrow and it has a deep impact on me. I would rather have my surname translated than misspelled.

genetic verbal exchange dollar and name exchange wife and profession exchange from poet to prophet from actor to pelotari (a person who plays pelota Vasca) from narco to politician (why narcos become politicians in the US?) from bad to worse

entrepiernan is a sexual image; they put their legs together. In here, Gómez-Peña is claiming Tijuana and San Diego are sleeping together.

carajo was the top part of a ship from where they could see everything. It was sort of a punishment being sent to the carajo as it was cold, risky and you would have been all alone. So, when we say: me lleva el carajo or vete al carajo or "por qué carajos we are saying something like I am screwed.

But when I speak in Spanish, I love you. Who does he love and hate?

There is a notion, recently popular amongst minorities, that we cannot give a voice. The idea of someone powerful giving a voice has been questioned. Instead, minorities claim they have always had a voice, but the hegemonic could, or did not want, to listen. Hence, the minorities learn the hegemonic language. Discuss about this.

Who hates him for speaking English or Spanish? What do you think is the effect of calling it ingleñol instead of Spanglish?

The exiles and disjointed the ones that left and never arrived (why did they never arrive?) and here we still are unemployed and irrepressible in process, ascending, transcending (how do you link this with performativity?) "INVEST IN MEXICO" real state (he is playing with the words in Spanish: real state in Mexico is bienes raíces, which translates into goods and roots, by adding the "y" he is ambiguously referring to goods and roots) You come and you go fuck you in the United estate still if they don't fuck you. (Mexicans use the word chingar for everything and, according to the context it can mean completely different things: "te chingan is fuck you, está chingón is it is incredible, just an example, it has more than 20 connotations)

Why new? Why Gómez-Peña and Anzaldúa talked about being a new migrant, a new mestizo?

A merolico is the guy that shouts in the market selling "miracle" products

The crisis is a dog (this has to do with Mexican president, Luis Echeverría, stating: "I will defend the peso (Mexico's currency) like a dog" and, the following day, the Mexican peso was devaluated) that barks at us from the north the crisis is a four door le Baron Chrysler. I am the child of the borderland crisis I am the child of a hermaphrodite (today, intersex due to the cultural connotations of the word) witch product of a cesarean culture punk-magpie, heavy-shit all the way the smelly desertor funk-nahuatl (word game) from two countries late bolt of the democratic trend I come from the south the only one from ten that ran away I was born between eras and cultures and viceversa I was born from an infected wound a burning wound a howling wound

Living and creating in California is a privilege torment living in the 1980s waiting for a total death (the Cold War) being bilingual, bihemisferic, solid, serene, proto-historic unintelligible, then expedi-mental (playing with experimental) and incompatible with you (usted is more respectful) victim of the melting put I set my limits I cross your limits. They call me the Borges from Caléxico The Octavio Pus (playing with the Mexican Nobel Prize Octavio Paz and changing it to pus) from San isidro. I speak in Spanish, I mean, I try And the gabachos listen to me with suspicion (some interrogate me with their nails others record my performance with a Super-8) I am postmodern...so, what? conceptual...so, what? experimental...so what a lie (playing with the word experimentar in Spanish and "mentir") lie to me about your da-mned-o-ccu-pied-spa-ce

Tortilla ships Supreme (a brand) to ease the sorrows (whose sorrows?)

Rejecting the gender borders.

Knowing about feminicides in Ciudad Juárez, what do you think of this link Gómez-Peña presents between the maquiladoras and the macho?

Do you know of any American Tequila brands? Tequila can only be produced in Tequila; today many famous Americans are selling Tequila due to NAFTA. What do you think about this?

For the sleepless gringo Hot Tijuana, the "O" (the O is a bar where Americans go crazy when visiting Mexico) Mexcali Rose for the evicted gabacho (how Mexicans call the US) El Pasou y Juárez cities to find love a love that never existed, oh Mexico, fragmented paradise unemployed mariachis malnourished concheros (not only people who collect and sell shells, it is also an indigenous group that dances with shells around their feet)<br /> happy bandits (mispronounced as Americans say it) beautiful young ladies corrupt politician federals dancing the mambo

Why do you think he claims the sun and the world are in English?

Canada received many of the refugees who scape the violence that several Central American countries experienced. Many of the conflicts in that area were the result of the United Statesian intervention:

This is how the people from Puerto Rico living in the USA are called.

Why are we following the American Dream? How are Mexicans inspired to follow it? Why did it become a nightmare?

Wetback is a derogatory term used in the United States to refer to foreign nationals residing in the U.S., most commonly Mexicans. The word mostly targets illegal immigrants in the United States.

Who is he talking to? Where did the ancestors come from?

Whose memory? The Mexicans memory? The American (I like using United Statesian, but is is unofficial) memory?

A Mexican claiming the land back

Do you remember the Tarahumaras? The original owners o the land?

Do you know any of these music genres? what do you think about the mix?

Can you link this with new genre public art?

What is the aesthetics of poverty? Why a famous artist works with things that could be trashed?

Think again about the altar. Why did he need a sacred space? Who is the other?

Do you identify any symbols? Are they Mexican or American? He is dressed like a charro, which a really expensive Mexican suit. He created an altar from which he performed. You can see Cantinflas, Batman. What else? Why do you think he included those symbols?

Why a mirror? Who needs to see his/her reflection? Is it a mirror for the US or Mexico? Which country is responsible for the migrants?

Why "exorcises"? Where is the dominant culture? How do we eradicate it? How would you define the dominant culture he is referring to?

What are the implications of recognising the border identities as bicultural and not only bilingual?

Pachucos are male members of a counterculture associated with zoot suit fashion. Their slang is the caló. Their style was popular in the 1940s inspired by Mexican actor, Tin Tan. As they were easy to identify, due to the zoot suits, they were hunted in the 1940s and 1950s by the USA's white population.

Why do you think he describes the border experience as a disnarrative and modular one? Can you see any similarities with Anzaldúa's description of the boder?

What do you think is a border language? Can you think of other examples besides Spanglish?

This is not his autobiography. He arrived to the US in 1978 and voluntarily became a Chicanx. So, this is a metaphor of the character. The "Border Brujo" is also a Chicanx that crossed the border. His existence, or invention, is linked to being a migrant.

Noten como dice referencias, no bibliografía. Este es el producto que deben producir como resultado de sus investigaciones + un producto de diseño. ¿Cómo ven? Estoy segura que lo conseguirán.

¿En qué paradigma ubicarían esta investigación? Para mí, está claro que pertenece al subjetivismo. Realizan una geneaología del concepto 'diseño social' a través de un análisis histórico. ¿Estarían de acuerdo?

Les faltó mencionar claramente su hipótesis. Me parece que sería algo así: dada la falta de claridad epistemológica y la variedad de definiciones, no se ha podido identificar los aportes del diseño social a los retos contemporáneos. O, es posible reconocer el valor del diseño para hacerle frente a los retos contemporáneos si reconstruimos una definición del diseño social tomando en cuenta la historia de este concepto.

¿Les gustó el artículo? Es un buen artículo, todo es siempre mejoraba, se podría reordernar y faltan algunas referencias, pero está bien estructurado y entienden el diseño como su escuela lo hace. ¿Qué opinan? ¿Entienden mejor el diseño social?

Como anunciaron al inicio que su objeto de estudio tiene que seguir adaptándose, cierran diciendo cuáles son sus retos futuros.

Describen cuál fue su problema de investigación.

Empiezan por concluir con su tema central y presentan brevemente sus principales descubrimientos sobre el diseño social

Aquí faltó que mencionaran a Ulm y la buena forma para entender esto que ahora llamamos Design Thinking

Aquí presentan otro concepto. En mi opinión debieron presentarla junto con las otras definiciones del diseño activista y consciente. ¿Qué opinan? ¿Están de acuerdo conmigo o con ellas? ¿Por qué?

La justificación central para decir porqué aún vale la pena definir al diseño social

Y terminan brindando su propia apuesta de qué mueve al diseñador/a social después de hacer su investigación

Ya debieron leerlo, pero aquí otra vez y hasta que cada unx de quienes egresen con nosotros lo lea: https://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/first-things-first-manifesto-2000

La pandemia del SIDA generó esto. ¿Qué creen que debería de hacer el diseño frente a esta pandemia?

¡Vamos Sagmeister y Scher, hagan lo suyo!

¿Qué opinan de esta crítica a sus disciplinas? Niñas y niños de moda se salvaron, pero hoy sabemos cuál es el costo ambiental de esta disciplina.

Joya, aún muy actual: https://thamesandhudson.com/design-for-the-real-world-9780500295335

¿Se acuerdan de la psicodelia? ¿De AIGA y Chermayeff?

Por ahí ya debieron leer este manifiesto.

Uff, aquí la responsabilidad de diseñadores de moda, gráficos, industriales e ingenieros en la crisis climática que vivimos

Niñas y niños de moda, manifiéstense y cuéntenos bien cómo empezó la sociedad de consumo antes de lo que dicen ellas. ¿Ven por qué la importancia de la transdisciplinariedad? Este artículo sería mejor si hubiéramos contribuido sociólogas, historiadorxs, diseñadorxs gráficos, industriales y de moda y filósofxs para darle claridad conceptual.

¿Ya vieron que útil es la historia del diseño XD? Se siente un poco de relleno este contenido. Aunque es pertinente parece poco integrado con el resto, valdría la pena que mantuvieran el concepto y fueran rastreando qué aportó cada una de las tendencias del diseño.

Aquí me falta la referencia. Habemos gente muy crítica de cómo el Arts and Crafts no logró sus objetivos. Además, Ruskin era más machito que nada, de forma que no pensaron en las mujeres que ya trabajaban y seguían criando a lxs hijxs.

Ja! Recordatorio de Historia del diseño. No olviden lo que ya estudiaron

Aquí hay otra definición que toman en cuenta: diseñador activista

¿Se acuerdan que habían mencionado que hay distintas formas de referirse al diseño social? Aquí están introduciendo otras formas de llamarle, gracias a su investigación documental, identificaron términos parecidos y cómo se definen. Buscarán uniformar definiciones.

Uff, se los perdonaron porque la referencia está antes, pero aquí debieron poner la referencia así: Chaves (2006) también señala que...

Interesante, aquí dicen qué no es el diseño social: no es ni caridad, ni asistencialismo.

Primera cita textual. Como es larga, más de cuatro líneas, va en un párrafo por separado y con distinta sangría. Como arriba señalaron el nombre del autor, la referencia está a lado de su nombre y no al cerrar la cita.

Ahora todos son socialmente responsables y te anuncian que están por introducir una distinción: no basta con decir que eres responsable, tienes que estar verdaderamente comprometidx con una causa.

Más preguntas de investigación. Esta parte demuestra qué tan bien hicieron las autoras sus antecedentes, buscaron otras referencias que les permitieran decir que el diseño es parte de la innovación social, presentan las diversas posturas y terminan presentando la suya.

Punto interesante para quienes harán proyectos de diseño social. Ya no basta la sociología, antropología, economía, etc. para entender los problemas sociales.

El entender este contexto es el que les permitió definir el diseño social. Este es el resultado de su investigación. Como socióloga aquí ya me gustarían referencias sobre los conflictos sociales, desde Bauman hasta Rocío Silva Santiestebán.

Así ellas definen diseño social

Aquí dejan en claro cuál es la diferencia entre su objeto de estudio y otro que podría confundirse. Esto es importante hacerlo. Tiene que estar muy claro el objeto/sujeto de estudio

Dato curioso: a él le deben la materia de investigación. Cuando lo conocimos en Chicago nos dijo: "la gran diferencia entre diseñadorxs mexicanxs y de EUA es que acá aprenden metodología de investigación y eso hace mucho mejores sus diseños". Ya lo resolvimos ;)

Aquí hay una afirmación polémica que distingue entre diseño para el mercado y el diseño social. Las autoras muy listas expresan esto y se respaldan en Margolin ¿Qué opinan? ¿Está bien hecha? ¿Se entiende?

Y aquí introducen lo que ellas habían entendido por diseño social y con qué autor están de acuerdo. ¿Han notado que hasta ahora no hemos visto citas textuales? Cada vez gusta menos que tengas muchas citas, lo que importa es que leas, entiendas e interpretes, para estar de acuerdo o pelearte.

Importante distinción. Parece muy sutil, pero están hablando de un diseño socialmente responsable; al decir que "todo diseño es social" (cosa que es cierta) parece que pasamos por alto que la mayoría de los diseños ha beneficiado sólo a una minoría que puede consumir. Este tipo de sutilezas son las que resultan de investigar. Bastidas y Martínez empezaron diciendo: todo diseño es social porque resulta de la interacción y cambia vidas; seguramente al investigar se dieron cuenta que no cambia todas la vidas. ¿Qué opinan?

Aquí nos dejan claro porqué entienden que el diseño es una actividad social. Sin embargo, ¿no les parece un poco repetitivo?

Miren estas preguntas de investigación. ¿Qué les parecen? ¿Son claras?

Miren que linda referencia en APA. No es una cita textual, pero es un contenido que aprendieron de Press & Cooper

Aquí anuncian el origen del problema de investigación

Este es su marco histórico. Tiene sentido considerando el Arts and Crafts que inicia como consecuencia de la Revolución Industrial

Aquí me dicen en algunas líneas qué encontraré a continuación.

Aquí otra justificación

Esto indica un problema de investigación: el diseño social está constantemente en construcción. Esto sugiera que el objeto de estudio cambia o puede cambiar

De forma muy breve, presentaron la justificación para hacer su investigación

Esto es un error común en América Latina. La hipótesis se expresa en el primer párrafo. No diciendo: mi hipótesis fue... Usualmente se anuncia lo que se hizo: en esta investigación nos propusimos identificar...

Recuerden que habían anunciado que harían una revisión histórica

¿Notan los tiempos? Esto fue breve. Pero se recibe un artículo, se revisa y, usualmente, se hacen correcciones y luego finalmente se publica. Todo artículo académico es revisado por expertos en el tema del que trata el artículo; todos los revisores académicos (o la mayoría) deben ser doctores.

¿Qué opinan de las palabras clave? ¿No les parece que son sólo sinónimos? Después de leer el artículo, piensa en cinco palabras clave que sean más adecuadas.

Esta es la metodología. A este resumen le faltó mencionar la hipótesis. ¿Creen que faltó algo más?

Este es el objetivo de la investigación. ¿Les parece claro?

¿Qué opinan de cómo inicia el abstract-resumen?

This virgin is really important for Colombians. It is important to consider that Colombia was officially a Catholic country until 1991 when they modified the constitution to accept other religions. You can find more information about this virgin: http://www.museocolonial.gov.co/colecciones/piezas-del-mes/Paginas/Virgen-de-Chiquinquir%C3%A1-.aspx

Marta Traba, as an art historia, wrote a book about Latin American art. She recognises Emma Reyes (p. 128), and other women, as important artists part of the Latin American 'expresionismo pluralista'. You can read it here: https://aphuuruguay.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/marta-traba-arte-de-america-latina-1900-1980.pdf

Notice how she introduces 'nos', the first person plural. Do you think she uses the plural following the hymns?

Notice how she links again South America with the Caribe. The 'fueguino' (Fuegan) is a volcanic field in Chile, it is the southernmost volcano in the Andes. So, what does it mean that 'it rises to the Carib'?

She claims: 'Once again we lift our choruses'. Who is this 'we'? and why did they have to 'remake the broken circle of the dance'? Who broke it?

Why do you think Mistral wrote that the 'high place of the Cuzcos' is the 'pedestal of grace'?

Which do you think are the ages turning into a deaf river? Which ages is she writing about?

The Andean people remembered their ancestors on stones. The Quechuas revered the 'huacas' or 'wak'a' in objects such as stones. The expression he used: 'looking at the huaca' implied being in a dimension that encompasses the history of the community by remembering all the ancestors. Do you think that Mistral is doing an exercise similar to 'looking at the huaca' in these verses?

Why is the indigenous wondering or, in Spanish, 'atónito´?

She is referring again to the Andes like a mother and a lion. Atalanta, mentioned previously, was transformed into a lion. Why do you think she made these links with the warrior, the lion and motherhood?

The araucarias are a genus of evergreen coniferous trees. They were the basic food of the Mapuches Pehuenches. When Mistral wrote this poem, Chilean authorities did not consider Mapuches as an Andean Indigenous group. Would you say Mistral is arguing that the Pehuenches are Andean?

This is the American terrestrial mammal that inhabits most parts of America: from Canada to Chile

Huayna was the third Sapan Inka of the Inca Empire, sixth of the Hanan dynasty, and eleventh of the Inca civilization who visited Chile and designed the Chilean roads in Aconcagua and Mapocho.

This is a neologism used by Mistral to compare the Andes with a serpent.

The Sargasso sea is between Mexico, Cuba and Florida. Do you think she is aiming to include Mexico and the Caribe to the American union with which she started the poem?

These are the Colombian rivers Cauca and Magdalena. Why do you think Mistral refers to them as the Dioscuros? 'Dioscuros' or 'Dioscuri' were the warrior twin brothers Castor and Pollux. Why do you think she relates the rivers to warriors?

This valley is the Elqui valley where Mistral grew up.

This is in Magallanes, the same place where she wrote Desolación

Mistral used this same word, 'peán', in a different poem about the Chilean volcano Osorno. Do you think she is using the same word to refer again to the volcano? Poem: http://www.gabrielamistral.uchile.cl/poesia/poemachile/volcanosorno.html

Academic Erin Finzer (2015) considers Mistral an early ecofeminist. Would you agree with her after reading verses like this?

Gabriela Mistral was sent to Magallanes with the objective of 'chilenizar' the Patagonia. With this in mind, who do you think are the dead who see the silent and rigid sea?

Arenas claims that the witches will go to hell with him. Why are the witches and himself going to hell? Would you say that he considers that they, like gays, are also persecuted and condemned?

In this chapter, would you say it is possible to observe the binary split between nature and civilisation? Would you argue that Arenas perceived his personality/gender identity as a natural force that could not be ‘normalised-civilised’?

Why do you think that Arenas described the immoral and incoherent acts that his revolutionary aunt performed?

In this chapter, you can appreciate how Arenas felt welcomed by nature and somehow "unwelcomed" by his family. Do you think this is due to the binary construction of nature/civilisation?