n this state, that her children were removed

o, we could also say, language and word choice are crucial co the poem's work.

Some South Dakota winters, shecould only afford to heat one room. Any untoward circumstance—the need to nurse her dyingfather, to pay for an operation for her sister, to help fund her brother’s and other relatives’education, to survive a bank or crop failure, flood or cyclone, any ill health of her ownnecessitating hospitalization (for respiratory or kidney infections and blood transfusions, evenfor dropping an iron on her foot), or breaking her glasses—temporarily bankrupted her.Deloria, Ella Cara. <i>Waterlily</i>. Lincoln: Bison Books, 2009. Accessed September 7, 2022. ProQuest Ebook Central.Created from ucsd on 2022-09-07 17:34:50.Copyright © 2009. Bison Books. All rights reserved.

the 103 young pplwho tried to kill themselves

Places have thoughts-hills have backs that lovebeing stroked by our eyes. The river gobbles down its tract as a metaphorbut also abt its day.

Through the Wokini Initiative, that money now goesto Indigenous students.

While wecannot change the past, land-grant universities have and will continue tobe focused on building a better future for everyone.”Kalen Goodluck/High Country NewsFort Lawton Post Cemetery, Seattle, Washington.PARCEL ID: WA330250N0030E0SN150AN½NESCINDIGENOUS CARETAKERS: Duwamish; SuquamishOWNERSHIP TRANSFER METHOD: Ceded by treaty, Jan. 22, 1855GRANTED TO: State of South CarolinaFOR THE BENEFIT OF: Clemson University and South Carolina State UniversityAMOUNT PAID FOR INDIGENOUS TITLE: $3.91AMOUNT RAISED FOR UNIVERSITY: $58.06A SIMPLE IDEAFew years have mattered more in the history of U.S. real estate than 1862.In May, Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, which offeredfarmland to settlers willing to occupy it for five years. Six weeks later camethe Pacific Railway Act, which subsidized the Transcontinental Railroadwith checkerboard-shaped grants. The very next day, on July 2, 1862,Lincoln signed “An Act donating Public Lands to the several States andTerritories which may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture andthe Mechanic Arts.” Contemporaries called it the Agricultural College Act.Historians prefer the Morrill Act, after the law’s sponsor.The legislation marked the federal government’s first major foray intofunding for higher education. The key building blocks were already there; afew agricultural and mechanical colleges existed, as did severaluniversities with federal land grants. But the Morrill Act combined the twoon a national scale. The idea was simple: Aid economic development bybroadening access to higher education for the nation’s farmhands andindustrial classes.“In the North, we are at the heyday of industrializationand the maturing of American capitalism, and the landgrant, like other kind of acts — the Homestead Act orthe creation of the Department of Agriculture — any ofthese type of activities that happen during this time,are really part of an effort in creating this modernapparatus for the state,” said Nathan Sorber, author ofthe book Land-Grant Colleges and Popular Revolt.“Land-grant institutions can be understood as part ofan effort to modernize the economy.”The original mission was to teach the latest inagricultural science and mechanical arts, “so it hadthis kind of applied utilitarian vibe to it,” said Sorber. But the act’s wordingwas flexible enough to allow classical studies and basic science, too. Withthe nation in the midst of the Civil War, it also called for instruction inmilitary tactics.Map by Margaret Pearce for High Country NewsThe act promised states between 90,000 and 990,000 acres, based on thesize of their congressional delegation. In order to claim a share, they had toagree to conserve and invest the principal. Eastern states that had no landin the public domain, as well as Southern and some Midwestern states,received vouchers — known at the time as scrip — for the selection ofWestern land. Western states chose parcels inside their borders, as didterritories when they achieved statehood. The funds raised were eitherentrusted to universities or held by states.Like so many other U.S. land laws, the text of the Morrill Act left outsomething important: the fact that these grants depended ondispossession. That went without saying: Dubiously acquired Indigenousland was the engine driving the growing nation’s land economy.“You can point to every treaty where there’s some kind of fraud, wherethere’s some kind of coercion going on, or they’re taking advantage of someextreme poverty or something like that so they can purchase the land atrock bottom prices,” said Jameson Sweet (Lakota/Dakota), assistantprofessor in the Department of American Studies at Rutgers University.“That kind of coercion and fraud was always present in every treaty.”Hundreds of treaties, agreements and seizuresbulked up the U.S. public domain. Aftersurveyors carved it up into tidy tracts of realestate, settlers, speculators, corporations andstates could step in as buyers or grantees,grabbing pieces according to various federallaws.The first to sign on for a share of the MorrillAct’s bounty was Iowa in 1862, assigning theland to what later became Iowa StateUniversity. Another 33 states followed during that decade, and 13 more didso by 1910. Five states split the endowment, mostly in the South, whereseveral historically Black colleges became partial beneficiaries.Demonstrating its commitment to the separate but equal doctrine,Kentucky allocated 87% of its endowment to white students at theUniversity of Kentucky and 13% to Black students at Kentucky StateUniversity.Not every state received land linked to the Morrill Act of 1862. Oklahomareceived an agricultural college grant through other laws, located primarilyon Osage and Quapaw land cessions. Alaska got some agricultural collegeland via pre-statehood laws, while Hawai‘i received a cash endowment fora land-grant college.HCN tracked down and mapped all of the grants tied to the Morrill Act andoverlaid them on Indigenous land-cession areas in a geographicinformation system. The results reveal the violence of dispossession onland-grant university ledgers.Kalen Goodluck/High Country NewsDirectors Guild of America, West Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.PARCEL ID: CA270010S0140W0SN080ASECAINDIGENOUS CARETAKERS: Buena Vista; Car-I-se; Cas-take; Hol-mi-uk; Ho-lo-cla-me; Se-na-hu-ow; So-ho-nut; Te-jon; To-ci-a; UvaOWNERSHIP TRANSFER METHOD: Seized by unratified treaty, June 10, 1851GRANTED TO: State of CaliforniaFOR THE BENEFIT OF: University of CaliforniaAMOUNT PAID FOR INDIGENOUS TITLE: $0AMOUNT RAISED FOR UNIVERSITY: $786.74Kalen Goodluck/High Country NewsCornfields, Adams, Nebraska.PARCEL ID: NE060050N0080E0SN290ANEOHINDIGENOUS CARETAKERS: Kansas (Kaw Nation)OWNERSHIP TRANSFER METHOD: Ceded by treaty, June 3, 1825GRANTED TO: State of OhioFOR THE BENEFIT OF: Ohio State UniversityAMOUNT PAID FOR INDIGENOUS TITLE: $0.93AMOUNT RAISED FOR UNIVERSITY: $88.79Kalen Goodluck/High Country NewsPrivate residence in Merced, California.PARCEL ID: CA210070S0130E0SN250ANEMAINDIGENOUS CARETAKERS: Ko-ya-te; New-chow-we;Pal-wis-ha; Po-ken-well; Wack-sa-che; Wo-la-si; Ya-wil-chineOWNERSHIP TRANSFER METHOD: Seized by unratified treaty, May 30, 1851GRANTED TO: State of MassachusettsFOR THE BENEFIT OF: University of Massachusetts and MITAMOUNT PAID FOR INDIGENOUS TITLE: $0AMOUNT RAISED FOR UNIVERSITY: $103.09We reconstructed approximately10.7 million acres taken fromnearly 250 tribes, bands andcommunities through over 160violence-backed land cessions, alegal term for the giving up ofterritory.MENU SUBSCRIBE THE MAGAZINE DONATE NOW TWITTERINSTAGRAMFACEBOOKSEARCH

Why tests are not a particularly useful way to assess student learning

Why tests are not a particularly useful way to assess student learning