Sterilization and birth control shots were widely forced on black women as a measure to control the population.

When men in the study died or became stricken with illnesses, researchers continued to ignore the need for care, and instead merely observed the effects of the disease on the body.

Throughout the course of the experiment that lasted for 40 years, these men were misled and did not have the ability to give informed consent.

Decades after the abolition of slavery, in 1932, black men were tricked into participating in a syphilis study to aid in finding a cure for the disease but were unaware of how it would lead to their deaths.

there is reason to fear that abuse by female perpetrators is under-reported:

a 2014 study of 284 men and boys in college and high school found that 43 percent reported being sexually coerced, with the majority of coercive incidents resulting in unwanted sexual intercourse.

She also began to wonder, if men were victims of sexual violence far more often than was previously known by researchers, who were the perpetrators? Other men? Women? In what proportions? Under what circumstances?

For years, the FBI definition of rape was gendered, requiring “carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.

In third grade, “we’re not going to be having conversations about sex and sexual harassment, but there are things all students need to understand about boundaries,”

(“I don’t think I’ve ever used the word ‘consent’ with a three-year-old before,” Kahn says.) The goal is that “if a kid doesn’t want to be hugged by another kid, he can say, ‘This is my body,’ and be understood.”

Teaching them about consent can help keep them safe from child predators, but it can also be about simpler things, like whether they want to play a game or get a hug from a classmate

But at its core, it’s an idea that many learn as early as preschool — the notion that we should respect one another’s boundaries, in order to be safe, preserve dignity, and build healthy relationships.

A mother’s story about her adolescent son with Down syndrome and how he wanted tofind a girlfriend illustrates how we unconsciously exempt people with disability fromforming relationships with non-disabled people.

People with intellectual disability are generally poor,have low levels of education, and generally enter their adult lives with little or nothing todo and few qualifications

Today, despite advances, being a person with intellectual disability can mean lack ofprivacy, lack of control, lack of education, limited economic independence, being tested ondeficits not strengths, being ‘‘other’’, being a ‘‘captive of care’’, having to be ‘‘grateful’’ andcompliant, being at higher risk of abuse, and having no means of communicating [13]

Sexual expression is choosing to orchoosing not to be sexually active and need not necessarily involve another person (self-pleasuring)

Sexuality is an important part of the personality of everyhuman being, is a basic need and aspect of being human, cannot be separated from otheraspects of life, includes the physical, physiological, psychological, social, emotional,cultural and ethical dimensions of sex and gender, influences thought, feelings, actions andinteractions and affects our mental and physical health.

I think part of the reason we have trouble drawing the line "it's not okay to force someone into sexual activity" is that in many ways, forcing people to do things is part of our culture in general. Cut that shit out of your life. If someone doesn't want to go to a party, try a new food, get up and dance, make small talk at the lunchtable - that's their right. Stop the "aww c'mon" and "just this once" and the games where you playfully force someone to play along. Accept that no means no - all the time.

Ana rarely communicates any desires of her own, but rather Christian orchestrates their scenes completely. This reproduces common myths around men's natural sexual needs and women's lack of them (Gavey, 2005). The fact that Ana reaches orgasm easily - often multiply - every time despite lack of communication about what she enjoys problematically reproduces both the centrality of orgasms to sex and ideals of telepathic male sexual prowess (Barker, 2011a). The sexual double standard is also present, whereby women are expected to police the unclear boundaries between 'good' and 'bad' sex so as not to be stigmatised as 'slut' or 'tight' (Barker, 2012a). It seems to be Ana's resistance to becoming a submissive, and her insistence of remaining in 'kinky fuckery' rather than 'real' BDSM (James 2012b p.34), that enables her to have the romantic relationship with Christian that he denied to his previous submissives.

For the record, you stood beside me knowing what I was going to do. You didn't at any time ask me to stop – you didn't use either safewordi. You are an adult – you have choices. (James, 2012a, p.293) Christian also insists that the BDSM elements of their relationship remain private, having Ana sign a non-disclosure agreement prior to telling her about his dominant identity. Despite wanting to, Ana does not speak to her close friends or family about her concerns over whether to sign the contract and to consent to submitting to Christian. Despite the rather schoolgirl fantasy nature of their friendshipsii, the relationship between Christian and Ana remains very self-contained, with boundaries policed by secrecy around BDSM and by jealousy: both Ana and Christian are desired by pretty much everybody of the 'opposite sex' that they meet, and both become possessive when this occurs. Thus consent remains located internally, within theindividuals concerned, without the potential for any collective element to consent decisions. How consent operates The ways in which consent operates within Fifty Shades reflect wider gendered sexual assumptions. Generally Christian initiates something and, if Ana doesn’t explicitly say ‘no’ or use her safeword to stop play, they end up doing it.

For the record, you stood beside me knowing what I was going to do. You didn't at any time ask me to stop – you didn't use either safewordi. You are an adult – you have choices.

private images of women may be more dama-ging if distributed without permission, and such women are more likely to be blamed for aviolation of their privacy and chastised for participating in sexting.

Sexadvice articles rarely mention the importance of seeking consent, and when they refer-ence communication between partners, this vital practice is presented as an optionalenhancement to sex

Despite the legal and social skepticism of affirmative consent, Carmody and Carringtonpoint out that promoting a sexual ethics of mutual consent and pleasure is both possibleand necessary. They argue that“The task is to wed the psychosocial structures of sexualdesire with mutually respectful and pleasurable forms of sexual practice.”28Unsurpris-ingly, I did notfind a consistent or perfect model of affirmative consent in the onlinesexting tips I examined. However, I will demonstrate that popular sexting advice targetedto adults contains far more frequent and nuanced comments about consent-seeking andsexual autonomy than a comparable set of general sex tips for adults

In contrast, sexting advice targeted to adults often encouragesthe practice and discusses the unique opportunities for intimacy and communication thatsexting might facilitate.

Yet much of the news coverage of the issueassumes that the practice is deviant, risky, and dangerous for teens.

rewards men for heterosexual sexual behaviors but stigmatizesand punishes women for the same (while simultaneously demanding it from them).Women/girls who are photographed without their knowledge are blamed for being care-less, while women/girls expressing sexual agency by taking or sharing nude/sexualimages are judged even more harshly; peers consider them to be less responsible anddesirable, often labeling them‘sluts.’

but at the present historical moment the concept of privacy remains particularlyfraught in the context of women’s sexuality.

No right is held more sacred or is more carefully guarded by the common law than the rightof every individual to the possession and control of his own person,

A recent study found‘one in 25online Americans have either had sensitive images posted without their permission orhad someone threaten to post photos of them’(Lenhart, Ybarra, & Price-Feeney,2016).

Romance novels, of course, are primarily about the hero and the heroine overcoming various obstacles to the realization of their love and their “happily ever after” ending in marriage (or more recently, a “happy for now” ending in a long-term committed relationship).

Ideas of love and romance are pervasive in our culture, so are there other ways in which they might influence our relationships, the expression of our sexuality, our desires, and our behavior?

106chaPter 5An alternative and perhaps more constructive ap-proach to the idea that pornography acts as a major source of knowledge and sexual scripts not just for young people but for many in our society has come in the form of sex and relationships education materials.

with a third of young people not being taught anything on the subject at all. Additionally, nearly half of young people are not being taught how to tell a healthy relationship from an abusive one.

Some parents are comfortable doing “the talk,” but many are not. In fact young people would prefer for their parents to be much more involved in their sex and rela-tionships education than they currently are, and to be one of the main sources of information about sex while grow-ing up.2 And even parents themselves say they would like to do more for their children on this topic, and be better at it, but feel they lack the skills and confidence.

It casts men as less in control of their sexual desires and arousal than women

the dominant ideas about what counts as sex,

the way we talk about things shapes how we see the world and even how we behave

doing things for your partner, even if you do not necessarily want to, in order to make or keep them happy or because they also do similar things for you.

Ensuring your partners’ continuous consent does not just mean stop when they say so. If we want to truly respect others’ bodily autonomy

it is a space of possibilities for mutual explo-ration and enjoyment.

It is almost as if we collectively assume that once we hit 18, we all somehow automatically know how consent works,

if we want to be allowed to exercise our own bodily autonomy, we should respect that of others.

or walking alone after dark

(you should not be forced into medi-cal treatment you don’t want)

14chaPter 2Bodily autonomy is the idea that you get to decide what you do with your body, what happens to it, who else has access to it, and how that access is obtained and exercised.