Geats
The Geats were a north Germanic tribe that occupied modern day southern Sweden.
Geats
The Geats were a north Germanic tribe that occupied modern day southern Sweden.
He envies the comradery of Hrothgar’s men, their closeness as a tribe.
This comes back to the themes of isolation that were implied in the Exter Book Elegies which really goes to show how important social relationships were to the English and illustrates how great their fear of isolation and banishment was.
Normans would invade and bring with them new customs, language and forever transform English literature.
I wonder how Norman culture influenced the way heroism is portrayed in Beowulf.
ringed sea (circular pool?) hot _____________where the baths were.
Scholars believe that the poem is based on the roman city of Bath which now looks like this
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“The Ruin: a Poem from the Exeter Book • Multicultural York: the Anglo-Saxons.” The Ruin: a Poem from the Exeter Book • Multicultural York: the Anglo-Saxons • MyLearning, www.mylearning.org/stories/multicultural-york-the-anglosaxons-ad400866/117.
“The Ruin.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Apr. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruin.
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
There I can mourn my miseries, many hardships, or I can never calm my care of mind, nor all that longing which has come upon me in this life. Ever may that youth be sad of mood,
I believe this is alluding to the idea that not only is the speaker going through sorrow now but that it is never goes away.
We have learned of Eormanric’s ferocious disposition; a cruel man, he held dominion in the kingdom of the Goths. Many men sat, full of sorrow, anticipating trouble and constantly praying for the fall of his country.
Given the emphasis on Lord - Vassal relationship it is interesting that the only abusive Lord discussed until now and in this poem was not a Briton showing the bias against non-Britons particularly the Goths. It is also interesting to me to think about how interactions between the Goths and Britons were shaped by biases like this which were in part propagated through literature
Oh wildly my heart Beats in my bosom and bids me to try The tumble and surge of seas tumultuous, Breeze and brine and the breakers’ roar. Daily hourly drives me my spirit Outward to sail, far countries to see.
The contrast here is interesting to me as both the youth and the sailor are describing the same phenomena but have completely different perspectives. The youth focuses on the excitement while the sailor focuses on the loneliness and difficulty. It makes me wonder whether the old sailor was like the youth at some point and if the youth is meant as a reflection of the sailor's past self to show us how he ended up in this situation.
Who lives at ease in the lap of the earth, How, sick at heart, o’er icy seas, Wretched I ranged the winter through, Bare of joys, and banished from friends
Since the sailor seems miserable and isolated, I wonder why he is at sea. Is there some reason for this choice or can he not return to the land?
Yearns for the days of his youth, when his dear lord Filled him with abundance. Faded are those joys! He shall know them no more; no more shall he listen To the voice of his lord, his leader and counsellor.
So here there is great emphasis on the wanderer's loss of his lord which shows how important the feudal system and the mentality it created was to the Anglo-Saxons. The question I have is why has this vassal lost his lord and everyone else he cared about? Was he expelled or exiled, did he narrowly escape raids that separated him from his people or does he only feel isolated because he cannot share his emotions? I think understanding the poet's intent and listener/reader's interpretation could reveal a lot about the fears people had at the time.
Wyrd
Unlike other culture's concept of fate/destiny, Wyrd is considered something that can be changed and bent mainly because time is not seen as linear and as such Wyrd is more similar to course or crossroad than a specific destination. This is evident in some of the poems were change or at least courageous acceptance of fate is alluded to.
“Wyrd: The Role of Fate.” Octavia Randolph, 15 Jan. 2018, octavia.net/wyrd-the-role-of-fate/.
first bishop, Leofric
Bishop Leofric's contributions range beyond donating The Exeter Book. He was described as a modest man who built many churches, preached the word of god, and instructed clergy. In addition, Bishop Leofric donated much to the Exeter Monastery and estates after they were overrun by invading Northmen. This is all in spite of him not being a Briton.
EBK: Leofric, Bishop of Exeter, www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/leofricex.html.