This is just one of the 70 association studies Haidt cited, but almost all of them suffer from the issues tabulated above. Not all of these problems were in all of the studies, but none of the 68 had a clear, strong result demonstrating above-normal depression levels of heavy social media users based on reliable data and robust statistical methods.

"More and more kids are getting connected with treatment. And those treatments are specific for suicide and suicide prevention."

One way to characterize the Keynesian approach (see below) is that it gives almost exclusiveimportance to the first-round effect by putting primary emphasis on flows of spending rather thanon stocks of assets

"The issues of a Government paper, evenwhen not permanent, will raise prices; because Governments usually issue their paper inpurchases for consumption. If issued to pay off a portion of the national debt, we believe theywould have no effect"

In this respect the correct analogy is with the demand for, say,land, which, like money, derives its value from the flow of services it renders but has a purchaseprice and not merely a rental value.

From this point of view, it is important to distinguish between ultimate wealth holders, to whommoney is one form in which they choose to hold their wealth, and enterprises, to whom money isa producer’s good like machinery or inventories

The quantity theory of money takes for granted, first, that the real quantity rather than thenominal quantity of money is what ultimately matters to holders of money and, second, that inany given circumstances people wish to hold a fairly definite real quantity of money

A different way to express the real quantity of money is in terms of the time duration of the flowof goods and services the money could purchase

The United Kingdom’s Online Safety Act (OSA) went into effect July 25,

By including “misleading” speech, the misinformation definition covers an almost immeasurable amount of speech, much of which is just speech that a given person disagrees with.

Under this definition, countless examples of journalism, academic research, and other forms of communication might fairly be labeled as misinformation because of how a story is framed, what evidence is included or excluded, how someone expresses their opinions or policy positions, etc., or any other array of imperfections that exist in natural human communication’s inevitable subjectivity and necessary choices

Although the core components of Plaintiffs’ final judgment remain, a few significantitems have changed. As detailed further below, Plaintiffs no longer seek the mandatorydivestiture of Google’s AI investments in favor of a prior notification for future investments andhave modified the ads syndication remedy to focus on parity, transparency, and control, whileremoving the query volume limitation and implementing marginal cost pricing only ascontingent relief if Plaintiffs’ other remedies are not effective at restoring competition.

To remove barriers to entry and erode Google’s unlawfully gained scale advantages,Section VII requires Google to syndicate (subject to certain restrictions) its search results,ranking signals, and query understanding information for 10 years. See Mass., 373 F.3d at 1218(disclosure of APIs “represent[ed] a reasonable method of facilitating the entry of competitorsinto a market from which Microsoft’s unlawful conduct previously excluded them” (internalquotation omitted)). The RPFJ only requires Google to syndicate queries that originate in theUnited States. See RPFJ ¶ VII(B)

Even if it were technically feasible, a structural breakup of a natural monopoly search engine would be a disaster. It would impose two or more suboptimal products on consumers

Finally, even if we assume them to be methodologically flawless, the studies only found small effect sizes. Meaning, that even if violent video games did increase aggression, the effect would be quite small.

This investigation therefore highlights two intrinsic problemsconfronting behavioural scientists using large-scale social data.First, large numbers of ill-defined variables necessitate researcherflexibility, potentially exacerbating the garden of forking pathsproblem: for some datasets analysed there were more than a trilliondifferent ways to operationalize a simple regression

heterogeneous results, banning mobile phones could be a low-cost way for schools to reduceeducational inequality

Our datasuggest that interventions to reduce phone/social mediatime to positively influence adolescent mental wellbeingare plausible, but that both in-school and outside ofschool use should be considered in tandem.

It is the government’s burden to prove that thelaw serves a compelling government interest and usesthe least restrictive means to achieve that interest.

he findings have both practical and theoretical implications. Prac-tically, the social media fact-checks alone may not be enough of adeterrent to stop the spread of misinformation unless they are accom-panied by further sanctions.

Research on the effects of fact-checking labels provides mixed results: Some found such labels effectively reducing perceived accuracy of false information (Pennycook et al., 2020) and willingness to share such content (Nekmat, 2020; Yaqub et al., 2020), but others found little effects of labels on perceived credibility, sharing intention, or engagement (Bradshaw et al., 2021; Oeldorf-Hirsch et al., 2020; Papakyriakopoulos & Goodman, 2022).

Our research shows how the ‘community notes’ model –which combines automation with the ‘wisdom’ of user crowds– is ill-equipped to address hate-fuelled, harmful narratives often deeply entwined with disinformation. Rather than being a more empowering and comprehensive system as Meta claims, its Community Notes will likely mirror and extend the divisive, ideological leaning of its CEO, erecting another wrestling ring for the battle over ‘facts’ that favors the political right in an online environment where marginalized communities have fewer protections than ever before.

Improving youth experiences online requires a holistic approach. Using a mix of alternative methods to improve youth—and general user—safety online may more effectively and directly address concerns about access to age-inappropriate materials and the negative impact of online spaces. Ultimately, age verification is no substitute for privacy protections and increased user transparency and control

Chinese labs are more transparent than their government in part because they want to create an ecosystem of firms centred on their AI. This has some commercial value, in that the companies building on the open-source models might eventually be persuaded to buy products or services from their creators. It also brings a strategic benefit to China, in that it creates allies in its conflict with America over AI.Chinese firms would naturally prefer to build on Chinese models, since they do not then need to worry that new bans or restrictions might cut them off from the underlying platform. They also know they are unlikely to fall foul of censorship requirements in China that Western models would not take into account. For firms like Apple and Samsung, eager to build AI tools into the devices they sell in China, local partners are a must, notes Francis Young, a tech investor based in Shanghai. And even some firms abroad have specific reasons for using Chinese models: Qwen was deliberately imbued with fluency in “low-resource” languages such as Urdu and Bengali, whereas American models are trained using predominantly English data. And then there is the enormous draw of the Chinese models’ lower running costs.

Thus, while it may be the case that only one firm may be producing in a particular market, this does not necessarily imply, as Demsetz and Kirzner highlight, the absence of rivalrous competition among entrepreneurs for ownership of such a firm. 

Para Zambrano "el gobierno no tenía otra opción" si quería mantener sus calificaciones crediticias.

de los $us 2.300 millones. Es una meta reducida y con escaso o nulo impacto sobre la lucha contra este flagelo que tiene tendencia creciente en el contexto del Covid-19”, insinuó Blazicevic.

Llamó al Gobierno a proteger la industria nacional aumentando los controles

More than 100 years ago, the philosopher John Stuart Mill provided two of the best reasons for why Peterson should be supported in his struggle. The first is that Peterson’s arguments could be true. This is a distinct possibility because of the political climate in which trans issues are currently discussed. There is a reluctance to question the arguments of the “positive space” lobby, and such groupthink often leads to poorly thought out arguments

a study from Rutgers University found that “white officers are no more likely to use lethal force against minorities than nonwhite officers,” in the words of lead researcher Charles Menifield.

the researchers postulate that this may be due to “simple overlap between officer and county demographics.” Police departments in areas with greater numbers of ethnic minorities tend to have a more diverse police force.

Indeed, despite decades of aggressive policing and the tens of billions of dollars allocated to law enforcement every year, proponents of defunding the police assert, the United States still has more murders, rapes, and robberies proportionately than countries that also enjoy much lower levels of police violence. "Does this spending make the country safer than its peers?" Lowrey asked. 

The police fatally shot nine unarmed blacks and 19 unarmed whites in 2019," Mac Donald wrote. "Assuming a comparable number of victims last year, those nine unarmed black victims of police shootings represent 0.1% of all African-Americans killed in 2019. By contrast, a police officer is 18½ times more likely to be killed by a black male than an unarmed black male is to be killed by a police officer."

police patrols, arrests, fines, and incarceration as methods of combatting crime, proponents of defunding the police contend, it would be better to shift government resources to social and mental health services, education, housing assistance, welfare, and other programs that, they assert, can prevent crime and serve the public much more effectively and safely than police can.

Imagine a world without Flo-Jo, without Venus or Serena Williams, without modern-day Olympian runner Allyson Felix. That is the world brought about by advocates of transgender-identified biological males competing with women in sports: contests so lopsided that our greatest female athletes never qualify for the Olympics, never make it to Wimbledon—let alone astound us there, with feats of the gods.

The other side of the argument is no argument at all. It is fear. Woke mobs have managed to scare good people into silence. Ordinary Americans are afraid to point out even manifest injustice when they see it. Too many are stricken by the threat of being falsely branded some flavor of "phobe.

The only other option comes with too steep a price. To force young women to compete with male-bodied athletes will bring about the collapse of women's sports

These "organizational" effects of male puberty are profound, and they are permanent: larger hearts and lungs, more oxygenated blood, more fast-twitch muscle fiber, greater upper-body muscle mass, greater lower-body muscle mass, greater bone density

If this were not 2020—if Americans were not terrified to acknowledge the plain truths in front of them—this discussion would be confined to its more natural domain: high school auditoriums, where boys and girls in glasses and blazers can earn high marks for casuistry

Research Questions and Hypothesis

Thompson et al. (2011) gave a first hint as to why previous results were so mixed. They revealed that music characteristics like tempo and intensity have an influence on learning outcomes: only soft fast music had a positive influence, whilst loud fast as well as soft slow or loud slow music hindered learning.

Results of studies investigating the relationship between background music and learning outcomes are varied. While some studies found no effect of background music (e.g., Moreno and Mayer, 2000; Jäncke and Sandmann, 2010) others found that it negatively impacted learning outcomes [e.g., Furnham and Bradley, 1997; Randsell and Gilroy, 2001; Hallam et al., 2002 (study 2)]. Further studies report that it has a positive impact [e.g., Hallam et al., 2002 (study 1); de Groot, 2006], especially on students with learning disabilities (Savan, 1999) or poor spelling skills (Scheree et al., 2000)

BITCOIN has been alarming people for years because of the amount of electricity needed to mint new virtual coinage

When I speak about web applications across the blockchain landscape, I purposely exclude exchange platforms like Kraken, Bitfinex or similar. These exchanges are conventional, centralized web services (which store your account credentials for example). Examples of decentralized services would be Chronobank, Waves Platform or BitBay’s web wallet.