CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 2

Highlight:

Recent research has thrown everything scientists used to say about it (and the CDC still does) in the bin: aluminum is not excreted from the body within hours or days, but it persists for years and can migrate to organs including lymph, spleen and brain.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

A pilot study of 666 homeschooled six to 12-year-olds from four American states published on April 27th in the Journal of Translational Sciences, compared 261 unvaccinated children with 405 partially or fully vaccinated children, and assessed their overall health based on their mothers' reports of vaccinations and physician-diagnosed illnesses.

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

A pilot study of 666 homeschooled six to 12-year-olds from four American states published on April 27th in the Journal of Translational Sciences, compared 261 unvaccinated children with 405 partially or fully vaccinated children, and assessed their overall health based on their mothers' reports of vaccinations and physician-diagnosed illnesses.

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Not at all clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Somewhat high credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Moderately Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

the professors from Harvard Medical School and the University of California wrote to the then President, urging him to order a “full medical and neuropsychiatric evaluation” of the then President-elect.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

They published a manifesto warning of Trumpian ideology, citing the following as the signs to fear:

“Scapegoating and banishing groups of people who are seen as threats, including immigrants and religious minorities; degrading, ridiculing, and demeaning rivals and critics; fostering a cult of the Strong Man who appeals to fear and anger; promises to solve our problems if we just trust in him; reinvents history and has little concern for truth (and) sees no need for rational persuasion.”

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

“With Trump, he's a disturbed person who protects himself by building up his ego and tearing down others,” an anonymous psychologist explained to the NY Daily News.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

The American Psychiatry Association has a nine-point checklist for narcissism - if someone displays just five of the traits, they have Narcissistic Personality Disorder:

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:No Causal Claim

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

“Scapegoating and banishing groups of people who are seen as threats, including immigrants and religious minorities; degrading, ridiculing, and demeaning rivals and critics; fostering a cult of the Strong Man who appeals to fear and anger; promises to solve our problems if we just trust in him; reinvents history and has little concern for truth (and) sees no need for rational persuasion.”

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

And according to psychologists, this pathological disconnection from reality is dangerous.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

He surrounds himself with people who admire and applaud him, and goes on angry tirades against journalists who enrage him by daring to suggest anything negative about him.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

However some mental health experts believe we should be wary of psychologists diagnosing someone they've never met:

The University of Glasgow's Professor of Psychiatry Daniel Smith told The Independent: “It's considered not very ethical or good practice to comment on things like this if you've never assessed the individual. It's also important to remember that there's a difference between personality disorder and mental illness.”

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Somewhat justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 2

Highlight:

American Psychiatry Association

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 1

Highlight:

Citizen Therapists Against Trumpism

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 4

Highlight:

anonymous psychologist

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 3

Highlight:

professors from Harvard Medical School and the University of California

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 2

Highlight:

clinical psychologist Dr. Julie Futrell

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

John D. Gartner

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Organizations

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Provoking emotions, such as shock or surprise (“...Shocking Result”, “...Leave You in Tears”)

Highlight:

DONALD TRUMP DISPLAYS CLASSIC TRAITS OF MENTAL ILLNESS, CLAIM PSYCHOLOGISTS

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:A little bit clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Moderately Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

Between 1992 and 2010 alone nearly 25,000 acres (about 10,000 hectares) of natural wetland infrastructure was wiped out, the Texas A&M research shows.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Cause precedes effect

Highlight:

Houston has been stuck in a vicious circle. More people means more subdivisions, and more subdivisions means more runoff. That results in more flooding, which ends up affecting more people.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Cause precedes effect

Highlight:

Prairies, which also act as floodwater sponges, have been decimated too.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Cause precedes effect

Highlight:

Much of the destroyed wetlands were covered with pavement to accommodate the region’s explosive population growth. So these days, even a run-of-the-mill storm causes water to gush down the streets and can lead to flooding.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Cause precedes effect

Highlight:

Between 1992 and 2010 alone nearly 25,000 acres (about 10,000 hectares) of natural wetland infrastructure was wiped out, the Texas A&M research shows. Most of the losses were in Harris County, where almost 30% of wetlands disappeared. Altogether, the region lost the ability to handle nearly four billion gallons (15 billion liters) of storm water. That’s equivalent to $600 million worth of flood water detention capacity, according to the university researchers’ calculations.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:Singular Causal Claim

Highlight:

The Harvey-wrought devastation is just the latest example of the consequences of Houston’s gung-ho approach to development.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:Singular Causal Claim

Highlight:

The vanished wetlands wouldn’t have prevented flooding, but they would have made it less painful, experts say.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

warning about the dangerous effects of bulldozing natural flood barriers for years.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Somewhat justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 2

Highlight:

By 1996, much of it was gone, but another 10% had been lost by 2010, while the developed acreage grew by 40%, data from HARC shows.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 1

Highlight:

Texas A&M University.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 3

Highlight:

From 1992 to 2010, this area lost more than 70% of its wetlands, according to research (pdf) by Texas A&M University.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 2

Highlight:

Between 1992 and 2010 alone nearly 25,000 acres (about 10,000 hectares) of natural wetland infrastructure was wiped out, the Texas A&M research shows.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

Another study (pdf) by the same two groups looked at a dozen projects that had obtained permits, and found that only two of them had successfully offset wetland destruction, seven were partially successful, and three were complete failures.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

In 2015, Texas A&M and non-profit research group HARC analyzed a sample of permits issued from 1990 to 2012 in the greater Houston area.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 2

Highlight:

Bill Bass, the HARC geospatial technology expert who put them together for Quartz,

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

John Jacob, a wetlands expert who runs Texas A&M’s Coastal Watershed Program,

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Organizations

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Cliffhanger to a story (“You Won’t Believe What Happens Next”, “Man Divorces His Wife After Overhearing This Conversation”)

Highlight:

Houston’s flooding shows what happens when you ignore science and let developers run rampant

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:A little bit clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Slightly Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

Just like for indigestion, heartburn can be alleviated by sleeping on one’s left side according to WebMD.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

“For neck pain, it is helpful to use a small rolled-up hand towel right under the neck for added support,” according to PainPhysicians.com.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

According to Skin Sheen, “Sleeping on the left side helps in better digestion.”

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

However, WebMD recently released a report by Ehime University School of Medicine on how sleeping posture affects blood pressure. What they discovered was that sleeping face-down can actually lower blood pressure.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

Women’s Health Magazine suggested, “Get your best PMS shut-eye on your back. Place a pillow under your knees to keep your spine from arching too much.”

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

Hub’s Health Expert said, “I used to suffer from daily headaches until I realized that I was twisting my neck when I slept.” They recommend surrounding the head with pillows to prevent it from turning.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

They recommend to, “Sleep with your head elevated… Mucus pools in your sinuses at night when your head is down, so have your head propped up during sleep.”

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

Women’s Health Magazine recommends sleeping on your “pain-free side with your legs slightly bent”.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

However, WebMD recommends to simply lay flat ‘on your back’. They explained: “When sleeping on your back, place a pillow under your knees. You also can put a small, rolled-up towel under the curve of your back.”

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

These are just a few of the ways sleeping posture can benefit your health.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

And this seems to make sense, because our stomachs are positioned slightly on the left side of our bodies. Hence, laying on the left side allows gravity assist the digestive process.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Slightly justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 4

Highlight:

Hub’s Health Expert

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 3

Highlight:

Harvard Medical School.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 2

Highlight:

Women’s Health Magazine

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 1

Highlight:

WebMD

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Organizations

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Listicle (“6 Tips on …”)

Highlight:

9 sleeping positions to improve your health and life

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:A little bit clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Somewhat low credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Moderately Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

The National Sleep Foundation also recommends a consistent bedtime routine.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

Analyzing the sleep and lifestyle data they collected, researchers found that children with early bedtimes—those asleep by 8:30 p.m.—had “better health-related quality of life.” And their moms had improved mental health, too.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

This may seem like common sense, but science has confirmed its truth with the Growing Up in Australia study, during which researchers tracked thousands of families beginning in 2004. Every two years, these families took part in a series of interviews that allowed researchers to check in on the state of their physical and mental health.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

A U.S. poll featured on the National Institutes of Health website suggests that children who go to bed earlier also sleep longer.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

Analyzing the sleep and lifestyle data they collected, researchers found that children with early bedtimes—those asleep by 8:30 p.m.—had “better health-related quality of life.” And their moms had improved mental health, too.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

Analyzing the sleep and lifestyle data they collected, researchers found that children with early bedtimes—those asleep by 8:30 p.m.—had “better health-related quality of life.” And their moms had improved mental health, too.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Nobody seems to get enough, and the struggle is daily.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Yikes!

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

But whatever you choose to incorporate into your bedtime routine, know that a regular routine can set you and your child up for success.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

According to the National Sleep Foundation, the blue light emitted from screens can delay the release of sleep-inducing melatonin, increase alertness and reset the body’s internal clock to a later schedule.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

[Chart titled, “At what time should your child go to bed” with wake up times, ages 5-12, and sleeping times]

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Somewhat justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 1

Highlight:

National Sleep Foundation,

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 2

Highlight:

A U.S. poll featured on the National Institutes of Health website suggests that children who go to bed earlier also sleep longer.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

Growing Up in Australia study, during which researchers tracked thousands of families beginning in 2004. Every two years, these families took part in a series of interviews that allowed researchers to check in on the state of their physical and mental health.

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Organizations

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Not at all clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Somewhat Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Fairly Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

"Smoking doesn't seem to blunt the effects of coffee," Gunter said. "It didn't matter whether you smoked or not. There was still a potential beneficial affect of coffee on mortality."

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

"The fact that we saw the same relationships in different countries is kind of the implication that its something about coffee rather than its something about the way that coffee is prepared or the way it's drunk," he said.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

People who drank two to four cups a day had an 18% lower risk of death compared with people who did not drink coffee, according to the study. These findings are consistent with previous studies that had looked at majority white populations, said Veronica Wendy Setiawan, associate professor of preventative medicine at USC's Keck School of Medicine, who led the study on nonwhite populations.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

"Given these very diverse populations, all these people have different lifestyles. They have very different dietary habits and different susceptibilities -- and we still find similar patterns," Setiawan said.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

One study surveyed more than 520,000 people in 10 European countries, making it the largest study to date on coffee and mortality, and found that drinking more coffee could significantly lower a person's risk of mortality.

The second study was more novel, as it focused on nonwhite populations. After surveying over 185,000 African-Americans, Native Americans, Hawaiians, Japanese-Americans, Latinos and whites, the researchers found that coffee increases longevity across various races.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:The correlation appears across multiple independent contexts

Highlight:

"Given these very diverse populations, all these people have different lifestyles. They have very different dietary habits and different susceptibilities -- and we still find similar patterns," Setiawan said.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:The correlation appears across multiple independent contexts

Highlight:

"The fact that we saw the same relationships in different countries is kind of the implication that its something about coffee rather than its something about the way that coffee is prepared or the way it's drunk," he said.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

In the European study, people who were drinking coffee tended to have lower levels of inflammation, healthier lipid profiles and better glucose control compared with those who weren't.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

The study on European countries revealed an inverse association between coffee and liver disease, suicide in men, cancer in women, digestive diseases and circulatory diseases. Those who drank three or more cups a day had a lower risk for all-cause death than people who did not drink coffee.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

The new study shows that there is a stronger biological possibility for the relationship between coffee and longevity and found that mortality was inversely related to coffee consumption for heart disease, cancer, respiratory disease, stroke, diabetes and kidney disease.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

The new study shows that there is a stronger biological possibility for the relationship between coffee and longevity and found that mortality was inversely related to coffee consumption for heart disease, cancer, respiratory disease, stroke, diabetes and kidney disease.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

The study on European countries revealed an inverse association between coffee and liver disease, suicide in men, cancer in women, digestive diseases and circulatory diseases. Those who drank three or more cups a day had a lower risk for all-cause death than people who did not drink coffee.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

However, Dr. Alberto Ascherio, professor of Epidemiology and Nutrition at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, said people should be wary of this finding.

"Even if it was in some way true, it doesn't make sense to me, because by smoking, you increase your mortality several-fold. Then, if you reduce it by 10% drinking coffee, give me a break," said Ascherio, who was not involved in the study.

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

People who avoid coffee, particularly in places like the US and Europe where drinking the beverage is very common, may do so because they have health problems. Their higher mortality rate could be a result of them being less healthy to begin with.

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Mostly justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 3

Highlight:

Studies have shown that certain compounds have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce risk for illnesses like Parkinson's disease.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 2

Highlight:

The second study was more novel, as it focused on nonwhite populations. After surveying over 185,000 African-Americans, Native Americans, Hawaiians, Japanese-Americans, Latinos and whites, the researchers found that coffee increases longevity across various races.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

One study surveyed more than 520,000 people in 10 European countries, making it the largest study to date on coffee and mortality, and found that drinking more coffee could significantly lower a person's risk of mortality.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 3

Highlight:

Dr. Alberto Ascherio, professor of Epidemiology and Nutrition at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health,

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 2

Highlight:

Marc Gunter, reader in cancer epidemiology and prevention at Imperial College's School of Public Health in the UK, who co-authored the European study.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

Veronica Wendy Setiawan, associate professor of preventative medicine at USC's Keck School of Medicine, who led the study on nonwhite populations.

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Not at all clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Somewhat high credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Not at All Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

A couple of years ago, one of the lead HPV vaccine developers for Merck’s Gardasil, Dr. Diane Harper, came clean and warned that Gardasil was not only ineffective and unnecessary, it was dangerous.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

Based on their study, Rail and study co-author Abby Lippman, a McGill University professor emeritus, published an op-ed article in Montreal’s Le Devoir newspaper questioning the safety and benefits of human papillomavirus vaccines.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:The correlation appears across multiple independent contexts

Highlight:

Somehow these “prestigious” medical officials have ignored the adverse reaction cases reported internationally among teenage girls, ranging from chronic fatigue to chronic seizures to partial and complete paralysis.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Cause precedes effect

Highlight:

The Rail-Lippman four-year study involved 170 parents of teenage girls who were given the HPV shots, which usually are administered sequentially in a series of three.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Cause precedes effect

Highlight:

Somehow these “prestigious” medical officials have ignored the adverse reaction cases reported internationally among teenage girls, ranging from chronic fatigue to chronic seizures to partial and complete paralysis.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

Somehow these “prestigious” medical officials have ignored the adverse reaction cases reported internationally among teenage girls, ranging from chronic fatigue to chronic seizures to partial and complete paralysis.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

Maybe her pension was threatened, or her family. Who knows?

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

Offit is a mainstream media darling. Ignore Offit. He’s off it and has made millions with his vaccine patent. And ignore the presstitutes who feed off him.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

That’s my thought for the average vaccine indoctrinated sheeple. But my thoughts get nastier with the manic frothing-at-the-mouth vaccine fanatics, and downright vicious with the vaccine industry and its celebrated spokesman Dr. Paul Offit.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

pro-vaccine hysteria criticism,

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

Somehow these “prestigious” medical officials have ignored the adverse reaction cases reported internationally among teenage girls, ranging from chronic fatigue to chronic seizures to partial and complete paralysis.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

Oh, of course statistics provided by pro-vaccine agencies and Big Pharma were included in the National Post article that “prove” HPV vaccine’s efficacy and safety.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

Of course they were roundly attacked through the Canadian mainstream media.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

The mainstream media piled on with remarks from the usual “prestigious” medical professionals who asserted HPV vaccinations safety and remarkable success at reducing ovarian cancer.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

And unbound or free aluminum, the stuff used in almost all vaccines, is a neurological toxin.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Maybe her pension was threatened, or her family. Who knows?

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

It’s All A Giant Deadly Scam

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Not at all justified

Question:Are any experts, organizations, or studies cited that are separate from the central study quoted in the article? If so, highlight relevant section(s).

Answer:4 or more

Highlight:

Oh, of course statistics provided by pro-vaccine agencies and Big Pharma were included in the National Post article that “prove” HPV vaccine’s efficacy and safety.

Question:Are any experts, organizations, or studies cited that are separate from the central study quoted in the article? If so, highlight relevant section(s).

Answer:4 or more

Highlight:

A couple of years ago, one of the lead HPV vaccine developers for Merck’s Gardasil, Dr. Diane Harper, came clean and warned that Gardasil was not only ineffective and unnecessary, it was dangerous.

Question:Are any experts, organizations, or studies cited that are separate from the central study quoted in the article? If so, highlight relevant section(s).

Answer:4 or more

Highlight:

Harper mentioned the medically known fact that 98 percent of HPV warts among sexually active women heal on their own within a year or two.

Question:Are any experts, organizations, or studies cited that are separate from the central study quoted in the article? If so, highlight relevant section(s).

Answer:4 or more

Highlight:

[Image of a table titled “WARNING (HPV4 Gardasil & HPV 2 Cervarix): Adverse Reactions And Deaths As Reported To The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System]

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 3

Highlight:

[Image of a table titled “WARNING (HPV4 Gardasil & HPV 2 Cervarix): Adverse Reactions And Deaths As Reported To The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System]

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 2

Highlight:

Oh, of course statistics provided by pro-vaccine agencies and Big Pharma were included in the National Post article that “prove” HPV vaccine’s efficacy and safety.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

Rail and study co-author Abby Lippman, a McGill University professor emeritus,

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

published an op-ed article in Montreal’s Le Devoir newspaper questioning the safety and benefits of human papillomavirus vaccines.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 2

Highlight:

one of the lead HPV vaccine developers for Merck’s Gardasil, Dr. Diane Harper,

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

Rail and study co-author Abby Lippman,

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts