Editorial Office · Rapid Reviews COVID-19. (n.d.). Rapid Reviews COVID-19. Retrieved 6 March 2021, from https://rapidreviewscovid19.mitpress.mit.edu/editors2

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Fairly Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

In a 2014 study, a team led by Claverie revived two viruses that had been trapped in Siberian permafrost for 30,000 years.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

Two years later, scientists managed to revive an 8-million-year-old bacterium that had been lying dormant in ice, beneath the surface of a glacier in the Beacon and Mullins valleys of Antarctica. In the same study, bacteria were also revived from ice that was over 100,000 years old.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

In a 2005 study, NASA scientists successfully revived bacteria that had been encased in a frozen pond in Alaska for 32,000 years. The microbes, called Carnobacterium pleistocenium, had been frozen since the Pleistocene period, when woolly mammoths still roamed the Earth. Once the ice melted, they began swimming around, seemingly unaffected.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

For instance, scientists have discovered fragments of RNA from the 1918 Spanish flu virus in corpses buried in mass graves in Alaska's tundra. Smallpox and the bubonic plague are also likely buried in Siberia.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:The correlation appears across multiple independent contexts

Highlight:

For instance, scientists have discovered fragments of RNA from the 1918 Spanish flu virus in corpses buried in mass graves in Alaska's tundra. Smallpox and the bubonic plague are also likely buried in Siberia.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:The correlation appears across multiple independent contexts

Highlight:

In August 2016, in a remote corner of Siberian tundra called the Yamal Peninsula in the Arctic Circle, a 12-year-old boy died and at least twenty people were hospitalised after being infected by anthrax.

The theory is that, over 75 years ago, a reindeer infected with anthrax died and its frozen carcass became trapped under a layer of frozen soil, known as permafrost. There it stayed until a heatwave in the summer of 2016, when the permafrost thawed.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

Climate change is melting permafrost soils that have been frozen for thousands of years, and as the soils melt they are releasing ancient viruses and bacteria that, having lain dormant, are springing back to life.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Somewhat justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 4

Highlight:

In February 2017, NASA scientists announced that they had found 10-50,000-year-old microbes inside crystals in a Mexican mine.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 3

Highlight:

In a 2014 study, a team led by Claverie revived two viruses that had been trapped in Siberian permafrost for 30,000 years.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 2

Highlight:

In a 2005 study, NASA scientists successfully revived bacteria that had been encased in a frozen pond in Alaska for 32,000 years.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

In a project that began in the 1990s, scientists from the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology in Novosibirsk have tested the remains of Stone Age people that had been found in southern Siberia, in the region of Gorny Altai.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 3

Highlight:

microbiologist Hazel Barton

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 2

Highlight:

Boris Revich and Marina Podolnaya

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

evolutionary biologist Jean-Michel Claverie

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Inducing fear (“Is Your Boyfriend Cheating on You?”)

Highlight:

diseases hidden in ice,

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Somewhat clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Somewhat Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Somewhat high credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Moderately Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

When read carefully, the CDC acknowledges that studies finding any perceived reduction in death rates may be due to the healthy-user effect- the tendency for healthier people to be vaccinated more than less-healthy people.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

One study found that those who get the vaccine for three to five years increase their risk of Alzheimer's disease 10-fold.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

A study released in February found that the flu shot was only 9 percent effective in protecting seniors against the 2012-2013 season's most virulent influenza bug...

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

randomized, controlled trials of healthy adults found that vaccinating between 33 and 100 people resulted in one less case of influenza...In

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

The only randomized trial of influenza vaccine in older people found no decrease in deaths...

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

what's in the vaccines--especially those from 2015 and after--might actually be more damaging then simply rolling the dice on getting the flu.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Not only is the vaccine not safe, it doesn't even work...The vaccine is completely worthless, and the government knows it...There

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

they know it contains a dose of mercury that is toxic to the brain...They

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Not only is the vaccine not safe, it doesn't even

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

work...The vaccine is completely worthless, and the government knows it...There

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

While it may be a contested subject,

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Somewhat justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 4

Highlight:

A study released in February found that the flu shot was only 9 percent effective in protecting seniors against the 2012-2013 season's most virulent influenza bug...

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 3

Highlight:

Yet a study by the Cochrane group studied hundreds of thousands of people and found it offered zero protection for those three things in the general community.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 2

Highlight:

(In) an Australian study (it was) found (that) one in every 110 children under the age of five had convulsions following vaccinations in 2009 for H1N1 influenza.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

randomized, controlled trials of healthy adults found that vaccinating between 33 and 100 people resulted in one less case of influenza...In

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 2

Highlight:

Dr. Russell Blaylock,

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

Peter Doshi's

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Provoking emotions, such as shock or surprise (“...Shocking Result”, “...Leave You in Tears”)

Highlight:

releases shocking report

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Somewhat clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Somewhat Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Moderately Convincing

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:A cause-and-effect chain of biological events is provided.

Highlight:

When we consume simple carbohydrates such as sugar, blood sugar rises rapidly. In response, your pancreas secretes insulin whose primary purpose is to drive sugar into each cell where it is stored for energy. If the cell is full and does not need glucose, it is rejected to avoid extra sugar gumming up the works.

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:A cause-and-effect chain of biological events is provided.

Highlight:

Blood sugar is controlled in a very narrow range. Extra sugar molecules attach to a variety of proteins that in turn injure the blood vessel wall. This repeated injury to the blood vessel wall sets off inflammation. When you spike your blood sugar level several times a day, every day, it is exactly like taking sandpaper to the inside of your delicate blood vessels.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

Blood sugar is controlled in a very narrow range. Extra sugar molecules attach to a variety of proteins that in turn injure the blood vessel wall. This repeated injury to the blood vessel wall sets off inflammation. When you spike your blood sugar level several times a day, every day, it is exactly like taking sandpaper to the inside of your delicate blood vessels.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

When we consume simple carbohydrates such as sugar, blood sugar rises rapidly. In response, your pancreas secretes insulin whose primary purpose is to drive sugar into each cell where it is stored for energy. If the cell is full and does not need glucose, it is rejected to avoid extra sugar gumming up the works.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

The injury and inflammation in our blood vessels is caused by the low fat diet recommended for years by mainstream medicine.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Let me repeat that: The injury and inflammation in our blood vessels is caused by the low fat diet recommended for years by mainstream medicine.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

The process that began with a sweet roll turns into a vicious cycle over time that creates heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and finally, Alzheimer’s disease, as the inflammatory process continues unabated.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

The ratio of imbalance ranges from 15:1 to as high as 30:1 in favor of omega-6. That’s a tremendous amount of cytokines causing inflammation. In today’s food environment, a 3:1 ratio would be optimal and healthy.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

There is but one answer to quieting inflammation, and that is returning to foods closer to their natural state.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

While we savor the tantalizing taste of a sweet roll, our bodies respond alarmingly as if a foreign invader arrived declaring war.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

By eliminating inflammatory foods and adding essential nutrients from fresh unprocessed food, you will reverse years of damage in your arteries and throughout your body from consuming the typical American diet.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Slightly justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 1

Highlight:

American Heart Association

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

heart surgeon with 25 years experience, having performed over 5,000 open-heart surgeries,

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Organizations

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Hidden secret or trick (“Fitness Companies Hate Him...”, “Experts are Dying to Know Their Secret”)

Highlight:

What Really Causes Heart Disease

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:A little bit clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Fairly Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:No evidence given

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:No Causal Claim

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Mostly justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 2

Highlight:

Raw Story,

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 1

Highlight:

Huffington Post

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

Physicians for Reproductive Health advocacy fellow Dr. Diane Horvath-Cosper

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Organizations

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Cliffhanger to a story (“You Won’t Believe What Happens Next”, “Man Divorces His Wife After Overhearing This Conversation”)

Highlight:

sexual assault could be considered a pre-existing condition

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:A little bit clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Somewhat Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Somewhat high credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Moderately Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

http://cdc.news/2017-06-01-autism-risk-420-higher-in-vaccinated-children-vs-non-vaccinated-published-science-confirms.html http://www.bewellbuzz.com/general/10-reasons-flu-shots-dangerous-flu/ http://www.rejuvenation-science.com/medication-depletion http://chemo.news/ https://realfarmacy.com/75-of-physicians-in-the-world-refuse-chemotherapy-for-themselves/

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

Prescription pills and treatments have many dangerous side effects.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Injecting mercury into your muscle tissue will send a widespread shock through your body, which causes a severe, instant hyper-immune reply from the central nervous system.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Chemotherapy should already be illegal, but it’s not.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

If you think this is not true, check the Merck vaccine ingredient insert sheet for yourself.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

What’s the point in treating seizures with a drug that damages a vital organ?

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

At the moment, doctors in America are not authorized to prescribe or talk about resveratrol because this remedy is a natural remedy for blood clots. If you need some blood thinners, ask a naturopathic doctor and get a natural one.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

The RotaTeq vaccine created by Dr. Paul Offit contains two strains of a deadly pig virus called circovirus, and there is no real reason to treat infant diarrhea with the same deadly virus that kills thousands of pigs in China.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

What’s the point in treating seizures with a drug that damages a vital organ?

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Also, consuming pharmaceutical drugs will not cure your illness. Instead, many of them will likely cause more long-term harm, than good.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Also, consuming pharmaceutical drugs will not cure your illness.

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Slightly justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 2

Highlight:

FDA

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 1

Highlight:

CDC

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Other

Highlight:

http://cdc.news/2017-06-01-autism-risk-420-higher-in-vaccinated-children-vs-non-vaccinated-published-science-confirms.html http://www.bewellbuzz.com/general/10-reasons-flu-shots-dangerous-flu/ http://www.rejuvenation-science.com/medication-depletion http://chemo.news/ https://realfarmacy.com/75-of-physicians-in-the-world-refuse-chemotherapy-for-themselves/

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Organizations

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Inducing fear (“Is Your Boyfriend Cheating on You?”)

Highlight:

Immediately Destroy Your Health

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Listicle (“6 Tips on …”)

Highlight:

Six Pharmaceutical Drugs

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Somewhat clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Slightly Convincing

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:Nutritional facts (without sources) are presented to support the effectiveness of the drink.

Highlight:

Nevertheless, unlike refined sugar, honey contains beneficial vitamins and minerals too.

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:Nutritional facts (without sources) are presented to support the effectiveness of the drink.

Highlight:

Apple cider vinegar promotes digestion, it likewise decreases the quantity of time that fats stay in the gastrointestinal system.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

Nevertheless, unlike refined sugar, honey contains beneficial vitamins and minerals too.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

Apple cider vinegar promotes digestion, it likewise decreases the quantity of time that fats stay in the gastrointestinal system.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

A research study has actually likewise found that consuming half a grapefruit before every meal can lead to greater weight loss in dieters.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:No Causal Claim

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

WITH ONLY 2 CUPS A DAY FOR 1 WEEK YOUR STOMACH WILL BE FLATTER!

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

WITH ONLY 2 CUPS A DAY FOR 1 WEEK YOUR STOMACH WILL BE FLATTER!

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Many individuals ask: Isn’t really honey a type of sugar? Doesn’t it contribute to weight gain? Won’t the calories in honey negate weight loss efforts?

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Not at all justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

A research study has actually likewise found that consuming half a grapefruit before every meal can lead to greater weight loss in dieters.

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Hidden secret or trick (“Fitness Companies Hate Him...”, “Experts are Dying to Know Their Secret”)

Highlight:

WITH ONLY 2 CUPS A DAY FOR 1 WEEK YOUR STOMACH WILL BE FLATTER!

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Very much clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Somewhat Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Very low credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Slightly Convincing

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:An overview of chain of events and cost/benefit analysis is used to support the idea that cutting out beef from our diet will allow us to almost meet greenhouse-gas emission goals.

Highlight:

This means much less deforestation and land degradation if so many plant crops weren’t run through the digestive tracts of cattle. If Americans traded their beef for beans, the researchers found, that would free up 42 percent of U.S. crop land.

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:An overview of chain of events and cost/benefit analysis is used to support the idea that cutting out beef from our diet will allow us to almost meet greenhouse-gas emission goals.

Highlight:

To understand why the climate impact of beef alone is so large, note that the image at the top of this story is a sea of soybeans in a silo in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. The beans belong to a feed lot that holds 38,000 cattle, the growth and fattening of which means dispensing 900 metric tons of feed every day. Which is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat. In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

This means much less deforestation and land degradation if so many plant crops weren’t run through the digestive tracts of cattle. If Americans traded their beef for beans, the researchers found, that would free up 42 percent of U.S. crop land.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

To understand why the climate impact of beef alone is so large, note that the image at the top of this story is a sea of soybeans in a silo in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. The beans belong to a feed lot that holds 38,000 cattle, the growth and fattening of which means dispensing 900 metric tons of feed every day. Which is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat. In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

Recently Harwatt and a team of scientists from Oregon State University, Bard College, and Loma Linda University calculated [Broken Hyperlink] just what would happen if every American made one dietary change: substituting beans for beef. They found that if everyone were willing and able to do that—hypothetically—the U.S. could still come close to meeting its 2020 greenhouse-gas emission goals

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Experts are cited

Highlight:

She and her colleagues conclude in the journal Climatic Change: “While not currently recognized as a climate policy option, the ‘beans for beef’ scenario offers significant climate change mitigation and other environmental benefits, illustrating the high potential of animal to plant food shifts.”

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

cheese—this one dietary change could achieve somewhere between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the target.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

With one dietary change, the U.S. could almost meet greenhouse-gas emission goals.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

it as the dread and helplessness that come with “watching the slow and seemingly irrevocable impacts of climate change unfold, and worrying about the future for oneself, children, and later generations.”

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Named in 2011, the American Psychological Association recently described

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

A relatively small, single-food substitution could be the most powerful change a person makes in terms of their lifetime environmental impact—more so than downsizing one’s car [HYPERLINK: paywall], or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

that—hypothetically—the U.S. could still come close to meeting its 2020 greenhouse-gas emission goals

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

They found that if everyone were willing and able to do that—hypothetically—the

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Somewhat justified

Question:Are any experts, organizations, or studies cited that are separate from the central study quoted in the article? If so, highlight relevant section(s).

Answer:2

Highlight:

American Psychological Association

Question:Are any experts, organizations, or studies cited that are separate from the central study quoted in the article? If so, highlight relevant section(s).

Answer:2

Highlight:

United Nations

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 2

Highlight:

United Nations

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 1

Highlight:

American Psychological Association

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

Recently Harwatt and a team of scientists from Oregon State University, Bard College, and Loma Linda University calculated [Broken Hyperlink] just what would happen if every American made one dietary change: substituting beans for beef.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

Helen Harwatt

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Organizations

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

Recently Harwatt and a team of scientists from Oregon State University, Bard College, and Loma Linda University calculated [Broken Hyperlink] just what would happen if every American made one dietary change: substituting beans for beef.

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Hidden secret or trick (“Fitness Companies Hate Him...”, “Experts are Dying to Know Their Secret”)

Highlight:

With one dietary change, the U.S. could almost meet greenhouse-gas emission goals.

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:A little bit clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Slightly Convincing

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:Facts that support the pursuit of renewable energy options are provided.

Highlight:

On the other hand, Tesla has been adding jobs with now over 18,000 employees worldwide and the majority are in the US. At the Fremont factory alone, Tesla employs over 6,000 people and it plans to bring that number up to 9,000 to support its latest expansion plans.

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:Facts that support the pursuit of renewable energy options are provided.

Highlight:

When the US oil industry lost $67 billion in 2015, it also slashed close to 100,000 jobs during the same period. All the while, more Americans now work in the solar industry than the extraction of oil, gas, or coal.

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:Facts that support the pursuit of renewable energy options are provided.

Highlight:

Coal and Natural Gas are rapidly becoming less cost competitive to Wind and Solar power.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

On the other hand, Tesla has been adding jobs with now over 18,000 employees worldwide and the majority are in the US. At the Fremont factory alone, Tesla employs over 6,000 people and it plans to bring that number up to 9,000 to support its latest expansion plans.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

When the US oil industry lost $67 billion in 2015, it also slashed close to 100,000 jobs during the same period. All the while, more Americans now work in the solar industry than the extraction of oil, gas, or coal.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

Coal and Natural Gas are rapidly becoming less cost competitive to Wind and Solar power.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:No Causal Claim

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No