A significant determinant of the outcome of a tennis game is an individual’s physical fitness, which can be influenced by their hydration and nutritional status (Lees, 2003). Therefore, knowledge of proper nutritional techniques and hydration (e.g. the timing of the consumption of different nutrients, adequate and precise hydration, adequate NS etc.) can positively affect a player’s ability to train, play and recover from exercise. It increases the overall physical but also psychological capacities of athletes, which logically keeps them away from potential doping usage. It is directly supported in our results which evidenced lower likelihood of future doping behavior among those athletes who scored higher for KSN

Males are more susceptible to potential doping behavior than females. In general, such findings are expected since it is known that female athletes are less oriented to substance misuse (including doping) than their male peers

5 11.6 2 9.5 Coach 24 55.8 12 57.1 Formal education (school, professional seminars. etc.) 14 32.6 5 23.8

0 0.0 4 19.0

8 18.6 3 14.3

The world of tennis is very concerned about the problem of doping in the sport. Concern has grown even stronger since 1988 when tennis was re-included in the Olympic Games program, but to the best of our knowledge only one study investigated the problem of doping in tennis,

When all factors, including NS, fail to provide the result athletes are striving for, the temptation to start doping emerges

However, manyminerals and vitamins that were available on the ATP tour haveactually been tested, and the true source has never beenconfirmed.

The sanctions for dopinginfractions, laid down in the World Anti-DopingCode, allow for mitigating circumstances to lowerthe standard 2-year ban.

of BohdanUlihrach and Greg Rusedski, who tested positivefor nandrolone or nandrolone prohormones in2002 and 2003, respectively. In June 2007,Guillermo Coria sued an American nutritionalcompany for the financial damages he sufferedduring his 2-year suspension after also testingpositive for nandrolone in 2001.

The 24-year-old hitter who recently took part in Australia's ATP Cup tournament last week, was found by the World Anti-Doping Agency to have the banned substances Ligandrol and Stanozolol in his system after submitting a urine sample following a Davis Cup match in November.

"As stated by the Colombian Olympic Committee in 2018, this substance is found frequently in Colombian meat and may affect athletes' test results."

International Tennis Federation (ITF)

But despite the adverse findings, the 32-year-old Wimbledon and U.S. Open doubles winner explained on social media that his failed drug test is the result of eating contaminated meat from his home country.

test results have not occurred at theGrand Slam events15, which are administered by a separate organisation16, but onlyat events administered by the ATP.

Player is responsible forany Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites orMarkers found to be present in his Specimen.

The tribunal, selected by the ATP, rounded on thegoverning body for not having talked to Rusedski aboutits decision to withdraw the salt tablets from distribution inMay 2003 – although messages were posted on lockerroom walls and printed in the player’s weekly newsletterfor three months

His defence rested on the fact that seven other samples fromplayers, collected by the ATP had had positive readings and a further 36 had whatwere deemed to be elevated, but not positive levels,

Rusedski tested positive in July 2003 with a reading of 5 nanograms permillilitre of urine,

Canada's Denis Shapovalov said: “Can’t imagine what every other player that got banned for contaminated substances is feeling right now.”

Former Wimbledon finalist Nick Kyrgios of Australia named it “ridiculous – whether it was accidental or planned" on X. "You get tested twice with a banned (steroid) substance ... you should be gone for 2 years. Your performance was enhanced.”

‘An anabolic steroid spray for wound treatment - ridiculous. Other substances such as antibiotics are more important for wounds. I suspect this spray is being marketed specifically for high-performance sport through unofficial channels and on the internet," Sörgel said.

He called for a line to be drawn because athletes have bee cleared "on the basis of similar excuses" and that "it will go on and on" if no firm action is taken.

‘If someone tests positive for clostebol, they are automatically banned. The sequence after a positive test that is disputed is to go to the National Anti-Doping Agency, to WADA, to CAS. Why can Sinner then be acquitted by a court?" Sörgel said.

The ITIA absolved Sinner of fault and negligence as it accepted his explanation that the substance had accidentally entered his system via a product his physiotherapist had used to treat a small wound.