60 Matching Annotations
  1. Last 7 days
    1. Scholars and reporters have noted the democratizing effect of new media, meaning that new media help distribute power to the people through their personal and social characteristics.

      I think that new media helps people socialize. I say this because new media brings people together and helps them relate to each other. One example is new trends which bring an inside joke and the people that know the trend has a better chance of relating to people because it's new and popular. People who do not understand new trends typically have a hard time socializing since they do not understand new trends.

    1. When we consider “old media,” which consist of mainly print, radio, and television/movies, we see that their presence in our lives and our societies was limited to a few places.

      I believe what separates old media to new media is how consistantt and how reliable they are. I say this because new media is consistant and is always keeping up with trends like the iPhone. The iPhone always updates and has new festures. The iPhone is reliable because it connects people to the media, while also having features like calling, texting people, and being able to lien to music. Old media is like a Walkman which can only be used to listen to music that is limited and is not getting consistent updates and is no longer reliable since it has been replaced by the iPhone, and is no longer in demand.

    1. Deregulation refers to the overturning or revising of policies that were in place to ensure that media outlets serve the interests of the public and include diverse viewpoints, programs, and ownership.

      I believe that there should be limits to how much a big corporation can own/control in media outlets. I say this because big corporations like to buy all forms of media outlets so that they gain more audience. This is terrible because small indie companies won't stand a chance since big corporations are buying all forms of media and taking over and causing indie media outlets to lose attraction over their audience. Not only is it terrible for indie companies but also for people who dislike big corporations since now big corporations are taking over all forms of media making it hard for people to avoid them.

    1. . While smell, taste, and touch can add context to a conversation over a romantic dinner, our interaction with mass media messages rely almost exclusively on sight and sound.

      I believe face to face adds romance to a conversation. I say this because mass media messages are just delayed interactions and have less romance. The reason is anyone can be romantic on mass media messages but won't actually build any real romance but more like a false sense of romance. In the other hand face to face builds romance because the person can actually see direct interactions and can get physical, which brings nonverbal interactions.

    1. While our interpersonal interactions are direct, our interactions with mass media messages are indirect, as they require technology or a “third party” to facilitate the connection.

      I believe it is true that mass media is indirect. I say this because interpersonal interaction is face to face and does not rely on a third party to send a message. Another thing face to face interactions are immediate unlike third parties which can take forever to send. You see third party do not grantee that the person will respond immediately which causes a delay, which makes their interactions indirect.

  2. Oct 2026
    1. Task-related roles typically serve leadership, informational, or procedural functions.

      I agree that group roles are important. I say this because group roles help peers go over tasks and take roles like leadership, so that group is consistent. Roles help peers research different parts so that each member can focus on a specific part. Roles make teamwork because all peers are working together, which is important for a group to succeed.

    1. Leadership is a complex of beliefs, communication patterns, and behaviors that influence the functioning of a group and move a group toward the completion of its task.

      I believe leadership is needed in order for a group to succeed. I say this because leadership helps a group solve problems and take charge so that there is order. Order is important because it helps peers get task done and create a calm space and not a nosey space. Leaders are spokespersons which is good for representing their group and what they accomplished.

    1. Ideally, groups would have an appropriate balance between these two types of cohesion relative to the group’s purpose, with task-oriented groups having higher task cohesion and relational-oriented groups having higher social cohesion.

      I agree that task cohesion and social cohesion have an appropriate balance. I say this because groups must have a balance between the two types in order for a group to be successful. Most groups are just based on social cohesion, which is a problem since peers usually get off centered and become social rather than completing tasks. Task cohesion can also be a problem since most of the time people just do their task but never cooperate since they chose tasks over socializing. This creates a need for balance since a group must not only socialize but also get task done, which is why both types of cohesion are needed.

    1. The personalities of the individuals in the group, the skills that members bring, the resources available to the group, the group’s size, and the group’s charge all contribute to the creation of the early tone of and climate within a group (Ellis & Fisher, 1994).

      I believe that skills and personalities contribute to the creation of a group. I say this because skills and personality shape cooperation. When people join a small group, they look for people with skills that can be used to get the task completed. They also look for personality because people want to be surrounded by people they like or trust. I can relate to this because I personally like being paired up with people I enjoy being with and people that can get the task done.

    1. So, while there is no set upper limit on the number of group members, it makes sense that the number of group members should be limited to those necessary to accomplish the goal or serve the purpose of the group. Small groups that add too many members increase the potential for group members to feel overwhelmed or disconnected.

      I believe that is true small groups should be limited. I say this because small groups are supposed to interact with their peers and everyone in the group should have their own task rather than doing nothing. If a small group overfills it will lead to distractions and setbacks because the people who have no task will just either mess around or just nothing. The whole point of a small group is to be cooperative and help their group be on task.

    1. In this role, positive feedback can motivate employees, but what happens when a supervisor has negative feedback? Research shows that supervisors are more likely to avoid giving negative feedback if possible, even though negative feedback has been shown to be more important than positive feedback for employee development.

      I believe the relationship between a supervisor and a new employee is complicated. I say this because many new employees and supervisors have their side of the story where they can both have valid reasons. This is important because most new employees do not know what the supervisor does most of the time, which can upset the new employee and cause them to quit or get fired. The supervisors reason might be that they can not afford to pay someone who does know how to follow instructions, or how to do their job which is valid. The new employee reason might be that they were not given clear instruction or were not trained well, which can cause the new employee not to want to take orders from someone who is uncooperative.

    1. But how do we choose our romantic partners, and what communication patterns affect how these relationships come together and apart?

      I believe people choose their romantic partners based on relation. I say this because relating to someone romantically helps their spouse understand who they feel, and they can get through it together. Most people relationships want to be understood and find someone who can help them mentally and physically. At the end of the day people choose their romantic partner for different reasons and can have different ambitions and still work out.

    1. But some people have a person not related by blood that they might refer to as aunt or uncle or even as a brother or sister.

      I personally believe that being a part of a family does not necessarily require blood. I say this because being a part of family means that a person is a part of a relationship where they can feel like they belong somewhere and be accepted for who they are. I feel like being related by blood does make someone instantly apart of a family, but sometimes the person may not feel like they belong there or even be part of it. In conclusion, family is not just an automatic relationship that only requires blood, but the feeling of being a part of a relationship where everyone is happy to accept someone as a member of their family.

    1. Do you consider all the people you are “friends” with on Facebook to be friends? What’s the difference, if any, between a “Facebook friend” and a real-world friend? Friendships, like other relationship forms, can be divided into categories.

      I believe having online friend's vs having friends in person is different. I say this because socializing online only shows the side the online friend only wants to show vs having a friend in person you get to see they physically react and see the real them. An online friend can just pretend be someone they are not, which changes the question whether or not is an online friend is actually who they claim to be. At the end most online friends can just be bots or be someone they claim to be, which just makes the relationship unpredictable.

    1. It is through our communication that we adapt to the dynamic nature of our relational worlds, given that relational partners do not enter each encounter or relationship with compatible expectations.

      I believe that it is true that people's communication adapts when changing relationships. I say this because the way someone communicates to someone romantically compared to just social relationship the communication becomes different since they communicate in a different way. One example is when someone is talking to a friend, they don’t try to use communication that involves any type of love language such as flirting. What it means to adapt is basically saying how does a person changes their communication style to communicate to people in different relationships.

    1. We may disclose information about our intellectual aptitude or athletic abilities to see how we relate to others.

      I believe relating to people is completely different from self-disclosure. I say this because relating to people is trying to understand someone by finding a similar situation to help comfort and find a solution. The difference is that self–disclosure leads to discomfort and relations leads to comfort. In conclusion, relation dose put someone at an awkward situation but helps people understand each other.

    2. Conversely, self-disclosure that does not work out well can lead to embarrassment, lower self-esteem, and relationship deterioration or even termination.

      I think it is true that self-disclosure does not always work out. I say this because sharing private information with a stranger or when meeting a new person can lead to awkwardness. Not a lot of people want to get to know someone they just met at a personal level. I, for example, do not like meeting new people and then immediately knowing them at a personal level because it makes me feel uncomfortable.

    1. Emotions are also interpersonal in that another person’s show of emotion usually triggers a reaction from us—perhaps support if the person is a close friend or awkwardness if the person is a stranger.

      I agree that emotions are interpersonal. I say this because emotions are representation of what then a person feels. Sometimes emotion can travel verbal communication, but not always. Emotions are verbal and nonverbal and can be both depending on the emotion and how the person reacts.

    1. Interpersonal conflict is, however, distinct from interpersonal violence, which goes beyond communication to include abuse. Domestic violence is a serious issue and is discussed in the section “The Dark Side of Relationships.”

      I believe interpersonal conflict is different from interpersonal violence. I say this because interpersonal conflict does not always lead to violence but just disagreements. I agree that they are both similar because they communicate in a negative way and can lead to strong emotions. Yes, potentially interpersonal conflict can turn into interpersonal violence.

    1. People with higher levels of interpersonal communication skills are better able to adapt to stress, have greater satisfaction in relationships and more friends, and have less depression and anxiety (Hargie, 2011).

      I think having strong interpersonal skills helps improve communication. I say this because being able to be verbal and nonverbal helps people understand other people who have bad communication skills. This skill is not only useful but helps the user understand different types of communication. In conclusion, having strong interpersonal skills helps people communicate to all types of communication.

    1. Whether in professional or personal contexts, positive verbal and nonverbal feedback can boost others’ confidence, and negative feedback, when delivered constructively, can provide important perception checking and lead to improvements

      I think giving feedback is very hard. I say this because in order to give feedback, a person must be actively listening and be able to react back. I personally think it is hard because it is hard to give someone feedback if there is a lack of information. Having low information impacts me to give feedback because I need to know if I know what I am hearing and know what I am talking about.

    2. Listenable messages are orally delivered messages that are tailored to be comprehended by a listener

      I believe listenable messages are hard to understand. I say this because if a person is not listening, they will lose track of the conversation. In these types of messages people need to be actively listening, which is hard when someone gets easily distracted. I personally have a hard time listening to messages because I get distracted very easily and make long conversation hard for me to understand.

    1. To improve listening at the receiving stage, prepare yourself to listen, discern between intentional messages and noise, concentrate on stimuli most relevant to your listening purpose(s) or goal(s), be mindful of the selection and attention process as much as possible, pay attention to turn-taking signals so you can follow the conversational flow, and avoid interrupting someone while they are speaking in order to maintain your ability to receive stimuli and listen.

      I believe preparing yourself when listening to speech is the best way of active listening. I say this because knowing that someone is going to give a speech, the listener must be prepared to put all their focus on the listener. Preparation gives the listener time to focus and to pay attention to detail. In conclusion, being prepared helps the listener focus on the speech giver and time to prepare.

    1. Environmental factors such as lighting, temperature, and furniture affect our ability to listen. A room that is too dark can make us sleepy, just as a room that is too warm or cool can raise awareness of our physical discomfort to a point that it is distracting.

      I think it is true just small little things like temperature can interrupt ability to listen. I say this because when it gets too hot, I get mor distracted with the heat which is a distraction to my hearing. In generaI think small things interrupt my hearing because listening to someone who doesn’t have an interest in makes it hard. I feel like anything can affect listening such as eye contact because looking at someone at the eye while listening makes me not want to listen.

    1. Listening is a process and as such doesn’t have a defined start and finish.

      I was confused when read that listening never starts and ends. I say this because I never realized I never stopped listening it's something that can be turned off. I found it interesting hearing can never be turned off can be ignored by focusing on other sounds. I feel like yes people always listen to everything around them but never pay attention.

  3. Sep 2026
    1. Unfortunately, charisma is difficult to intentionally develop, and some people seem to have a naturally charismatic personality, while others do not. Even though everyone can’t embody the charismatic aspect of dynamism, the other component of dynamism, energy, is something that everyone can tap into.

      I agree by not having charisma it could make a persuasive speech hard. I say this because not everyone has charisma which makes people's attention really hard if they are not charismatic. For example, I have no charisma so getting people's attention is hard, which makes presenting a speech really hard for me. I do not think I need it because at the end of the day a person can be charismatic and be wrong and dose guarantee a charismatic person to have a good speech.

    2. Ethos, logos, and pathos were Aristotle’s three forms of rhetorical proof, meaning they were primary to his theories of persuasion.

      I believe ethos, logos, and pathos are the solution to a good speech. I say this because the three forms of rhetoric proof bring credibility, emotion, and logic. These three solutions make the speech giver have a reliable and well explained speech. In conclusion, ethos, logos, and pathos give a speech credibility, emotion, and logic which is needed for a persuasive speech.

    1. Persuasive speakers should be concerned with what strengthens and weakens an argument.

      I believe this is true. I say this because when someone is trying to give a persuasive speech, they want to talk about their strengths and try to find solutions to their weaknesses. I think talking about strengths is very important in argument because the person would want to show why their reasoning is the best. I also think that addressing solutions to their weakness is important because they need to list reasons why the strengths outweigh the weakness of their argument.

    1. Persuasive speaking seeks to influence the beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors of audience members. In order to persuade, a speaker has to construct arguments that appeal to audience members.

      I believe persuasive speaking is easy. I say this because the speech giver can make their speech more easy to grab someone's attention. It grabs people's attention because the speech giver is trying to argue their reasons and give like loud tone. The tone would change because when someone is trying to be persuasive, they are loud and more aggressive, which brings attention.

    1. The goal of informative speaking is to teach an audience something using objective factual information.

      I believe that informative speech is good for the audience. I say this because informative speech can be useful because the speech giver is trying to teach the audience rather than persuading them. This can be hard because the speech giver needs to be well prepared and needs to be able to persuade people and not be argumentative. I feel like informative speech is just too much to memorize, especially when talking about facts.

    1. People who lack nonverbal encoding skills may send unclear or subtle cues requesting support that are not picked up on by others, which can lead to increased feelings of loneliness.

      I agree by not having strong nonverbal encoding skills can be hard. I say this because many people can't read people by their actions or choose not to judge. Like I said previously in another annotation, Nonverbal clues can be wrong and misinterpreted. This is important because no one thinks the same and reacts the same but can be similar.

    2. A central, if not primary, function of nonverbal communication is the establishment and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. Further, people who are skilled at encoding nonverbal messages have various interpersonal advantages, including being more popular, having larger social networks consisting of both acquaintances and close friends, and being less likely to be lonely or socially anxious (Riggio, 1992).

      I think it is true that nonverbal communication helps build stronger relationships. I say this because nonverbal communication not only shows how interested a person is but how they communication without using basic communication skills like words. Sometimes words are not as powerful as nonverbal communication because sometimes words don’t have meaning to a person who communicates by touch. In conclusion, nonverbal communication builds action like touch to show their affection.

    1. Nonverbal cues account for much of the content from which we form initial impressions, so it’s important to know that people make judgments about our identities and skills after only brief exposure.

      think it is true that you can base people with their nonverbal clues. I say this because when people tend to get nervous when presenting a speech, they make weird gestures that are unrelated to the speech. This shows that is nervous and does not know how to control their body language. Nonverbal clues can be wrong and misinterpreted.

    1. The word kinesics comes from the root word kinesis, which means “movement,” and refers to the study of hand, arm, body, and face movements. Specifically, this section will outline the use of gestures, head movements and posture, eye contact, and facial expressions as nonverbal communication.

      I believe kinesics is a common nonverbal communication. I say this because when presenting speech hand/face gestures show the audience how the presenter is showing how they physically react. This does not only show emotion but also how intrigued the presenter in their speech. I feel like kinesics can be good to show interest but can also be too much and can be very distracting.

    1. Touch is an especially powerful form of nonverbal communication that we will discuss in this chapter, but we will not get into taste and smell, which have not received as much scholarly attention in relation to nonverbal communication as the other senses.

      I believe that touch is a powerful nonverbal communication. I say this because touch helps people communicate by providing signals of either love or pain. I say love because many people like to communication their love by touch rather than words. I also say pain because it helps people know when they are in danger or in a state of anger. I can relate to this because there are instances where I like to get physical through touch rather than standard communications to represent my emotions.

    1. Facial expressions can help bring a speech to life when used by a speaker to communicate emotions and demonstrate enthusiasm for the speech.

      I believe it is true that facial expressions can bring a speech back to life. I say this because personally I tend to be bored when people present speeches and just keep a blank face for the whole speech which kills the speech. I think speeches should be interesting and alive by making appropriate facial expressions that match the tone. In conclusion facial expressions are needed in order to show how interested the speech giver is and how to keep it alive.

    2. Many speakers don’t like the feeling of having “all eyes” on them, even though having a room full of people avoiding making eye contact with you would be much more awkward. Remember, it’s a good thing for audience members to look at you, because it means they’re paying attention and interested.

      I believe it is true that having all eyes is good, but it just feels awkward for me. I say this because I do not like using eye contact and always try avoiding it because it makes me feel uncomfortable. I know that having all eyes means that the audience is interested or paying attention and is not necessarily a bad thing. In conclusion I still do not like having all eyes and rather have the opposite.

    1. Rate of speaking refers to how fast or slow you speak. If you speak too fast, your audience will not be able to absorb the information you present. If you speak too slowly, the audience may lose interest.

      I think the rate of speaking is very important. I say this because if I speak too fast, the audience will not understand me. If is too slow the audience will get bored. When I was in speech class in high school, I would try speaking too fast, which would backfire on me because I would finish my speech too early before the timer.

    1. When using impromptu delivery, a speaker has little to no time to prepare for a speech.

      I believe that the impromptu delivery is the worst. I say this because I used to use this technique, and it would never help in speech. The impromptu delivery is not good because it takes no effort or practice which will give the speech giver a hard time presenting a speech. In conclusion, impromptu delivery just makes communication a lot harder than it needs to be and does not give any type of benefit.

    1. Communication apprehension (CA) is fear or anxiety experienced by a person due to real or perceived communication with another person or persons.

      I believe I can relate to this topic of experiencing communication apprehension. I say this because I usually have a hard time presenting a speech and have always experienced communication apprehension. One example is when I had speech class in high school, I would feel communication apprehension and never be fully confident. In conclusion, I feel like communication apprehension is normal to me and is my weakness.

    1. Although English used to employ formal (thou, thee) and informal pronouns (you), today you can be used when speaking to a professor, a parent, or a casual acquaintance.

      I believe being formal is important. I say this because you want to show respect, which is important in a speech. In a speech, you want to be formal and address people professionally. One example is professors because they spent years earning the title and calling a professor by their name can be disrespectful. This ties with speech because you need to be formal and be professional.

    2. Society and culture influence the words that we speak, and the words that we speak influence society and culture.

      I think that it is true that culture and society influence language. I say this because words can have many meanings. One word in one culture can be offensive in another culture. It is important to understand one's culture and how to jot offend them. This is important when presenting a speech because you don't want to offend the audience.

    1. The level of clarity with which we speak varies depending on whom we talk to, the situation we’re in, and our own intentions and motives.

      I think it is true that the level of clarity with which we speak varies. I say this because in order to have the audience interested, then presenter must understand the level of clarity. One example is college vs high school. Group high schoolers are typically more immature and do care to hear a speech, so the presenter must change their tone and make this speech more fun by adding more personality to make it interesting. A group of college people are more mature and are eager to learn so the presenter would make their speech informatively.

    1. We also use verbal communication to describe things, people, and ideas. Verbal communication helps us inform, persuade, and entertain others, which as we will learn later are the three general purposes of public speaking.

      I believe it is true that verbal communication helps persuade or inform people. I say this because verbal communication helps people visualize things by describing the topic the person is informing. One good example is close up magic. In order to teach people, close up magic they must see it and to be entertained.

    1. Language is productive in the sense that there are an infinite number of utterances we can make by connecting existing words in new ways. In addition, there is no limit to a language’s vocabulary, as new words are coined daily. Of course, words aren’t the only things we need to communicate, and although verbal and nonverbal communication are closely related in terms of how we make meaning, nonverbal communication is not productive and limitless. Although we can only make a few hundred physical signs, we have about a million words in the English language.

      I think it is true we have too many words. I say this because an average human is not going to remember a million words. One great example is old people. Old people cannot keep up with modern slang because it is constantly changing. Most words now have more than one meaning which can be confusing for people who do not keep up with new sayings.

    1. It’s important to note that an outline is different from a script. While a script contains everything that will be said, an outline includes the main content. Therefore you shouldn’t include every word you’re going to say on your outline. This allows you more freedom as a speaker to adapt to your audience during your speech.

      I believe that the outline should be different from the script. I say this because reading a script word for word is not interesting and feels like reading a quote rather than a speech. The outline is supposed to be different because an outline always changes and is never word for word. An outline adapts to the audience, which is important in order to get people's attention. A script is supposed to help the speech giver an idea of what the speech is about. In conclusion, they are both good sources and are needed in order for speech to be good.

    2. Think of your outline as a living document that grows and takes form throughout your speech-making process. When you first draft your general purpose, specific purpose, and thesis statement, you could create a new document on your computer and plug those in, essentially starting your outline.

      agree that an outline as the person keeps writing. I say this because an outline is practicing speech that helps the person learn as they write and see what needs to change. Outlines are a need for the speech giver to give their speech time and practice to be at its peak. A speech cannot be rushed must need an outline, so the speech giver can see its pros and cons of the outline. In conclusion an outline is just practice and time.

    1. When organizing your speech, you want to start with the body. Even though most students want to start with the introduction, I explain that it’s difficult to introduce and preview something that you haven’t yet developed.

      I believe starting with the body is important. I say this because starting with the body is like a rough draft which is good for practice and helps brainstorm ideas. The body is good practice so it can help the speech giver a good idea where to start off and how to end the speech while keeping it organized. Keeping a speech organized is important because it shows that the person knows how to manage their words and time. In conclusion, the body helps people keep their speech organized.

    1. Our challenge now is not accessing information but discerning what information is credible and relevant. Students who did research before the digital revolution did not have to worry as much about discerning.

      believe having credible sources for a speech is a necessity. I say this because a person is going to inform people of certain topics; they are going to need credible sources to back it up. People do not want to hear opinions in a speech; they want facts. A speech needs credible sources in order to persuade people.

    2. Many people do not approach speech preparation in an informed and systematic way, which results in many poorly planned or executed speeches that are not pleasant to sit through as an audience member and don’t reflect well on the speaker

      believe it is true that sitting through unplanned speech is unpleasant. I say this because when I am listening to a speech, I do not want to be bored. If someone is presenting and wants my attention, then they have to know what their speech is about and how to get my attention. As the listener I don't want to hear a person who cannot give a proper speech because it is not fair for the people that prepared their speech to get the same attention as the person who was unprepared.

  4. Aug 2026
    1. We tend to pay attention to information that we perceive to meet our needs or interests in some way. This type of selective attention can help us meet instrumental needs and get things done. When you need to speak with a financial aid officer about your scholarships and loans, you sit in the waiting room and listen for your name to be called. Paying close attention to whose name is called means you can be ready to start your meeting and hopefully get your business handled.

      I believe selective attention is used on a daily basis. I say this because when I am at school and the professor takes attendance, I wait for my name to be called and give them my attention. This is an important example because giving attention to my professor benefits me, so I do not get marked as absent, which is a need for my attention. This is proof that people will pay attention in order to achieve their needs or interests.

    2. It’s probably better to have a serious conversation with a significant other in a quiet place rather than a crowded food court. As we will learn later in the chapter titled “Public Speaking in Various Contexts”, altering the rate, volume, and pitch of your voice, known as vocal variety, can help keep your audience engaged, as can gestures and movement. Conversely, nonverbal adaptors, or nervous movements we do to relieve anxiety like pacing or twirling our hair, can be distracting. Aside from minimizing distractions and delivering our messages enthusiastically, the content of our communication also affects salience.

      believe that effective communication depends on the environment. I say this because when delivering a speech, you need to understand the tone of the environment and know how to properly approach the speech. For example, when I had oral communication in high school I would see how the tone is in the room to see what would bring people's attention and what tone I was going to use. Not very speech is a encouraging one like ones that are delivered in funerals they must have an appropriate tone but still be attracting.

    3. It is probably not surprising to learn that visually and/or aurally stimulating things become salient in our perceptual field and get our attention. Creatures ranging from fish to hummingbirds are attracted to things like silver spinners on fishing poles or red and yellow bird feeders. Having our senses stimulated isn’t always a positive thing though. Think about the couple that won’t stop talking during the movie or the upstairs neighbor whose subwoofer shakes your ceiling at night. In short, stimuli can be attention-getting in a productive or distracting way.

      I believe natural attractions and universal reactions are real. I say this because I always feel attracted to loud sounds and bright colors on a daily basis. I feel like it feels natural, like if my instincts react before me which can be distracting. I agree that experiencing natural attractions and universal reactions is annoying, especially during a movie like in the example. Even if it is not harmful, it can make my brain overstimulate, which is a problem.

    4. We tend to pay attention to information that is salient. Salience is the degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context. The thing attracting our attention can be abstract, like a concept, or concrete, like an object. For example, a person’s identity as a Native American may become salient when they are protesting at the Columbus Day parade in Denver, Colorado. Or a bright flashlight shining in your face while camping at night is sure to be salient. The degree of salience depends on three features (Fiske & Tayor, 1991). We tend to find salient things that are visually or aurally stimulating and things that meet our needs or interests. Lastly, expectations affect what we find salient.

      I feel like experiencing salience is common. I say this because there are words that interest me right away. I believe it feels like I immediately just jump into a topic like it; nothing like it is an instinct. I just find it fascinating that experiencing salience is normal. I always thought salience was ordinary and not common up to this point.

    5. We take in information through all five of our senses, but our perceptual field (the world around us) includes so many stimuli that it is impossible for our brains to process and make sense of it all. So, as information comes in through our senses, various factors influence what actually continues on through the perception process (Fiske & Taylor, 1991).

      I believe I can relate to this topic on getting overwhelmed with the senses of the brain. I say this because there are times where my brain will get overwhelmed and shut off if there is too much going on. I feel like the brain stimulating should not be normal and should be taken seriously. I say it should not be normal because it proves that people are not just consumers and need to take their own pace.

    1. Ancient Greek philosophers and scholars such as Aristotle theorized about the art of rhetoric, which refers to speaking well and persuasively. Today, we hear the word rhetoric used in negative ways. A politician, for example, may write off his or her opponent’s statements as “just rhetoric.” This leads us to believe that rhetoric refers to misleading, false, or unethical communication, which is not at all in keeping with the usage of the word by ancient or contemporary communication experts. While rhetoric does refer primarily to persuasive communication messages, much of the writing and teaching about rhetoric conveys the importance of being an ethical rhetor, or communicator. So when a communicator, such as a politician, speaks in misleading, vague, or dishonest ways, he or she isn’t using rhetoric; he or she is being an unethical speaker.

      I find it intriguing that ancient Greek philosophers/scholars would use the art of rhetoric. I say this because a lot of politicians use the art of rhetoric on a daily basis. For example, politicians influence people to vote for them or for this cause. Politicians make messages that are not always true so they can gain influence. Even though the art of rhetoric from along ago is still impacts communication, especially society.

    2. The evolution of communication media, from speaking to digital technology, has also influenced the field of communication studies. To better understand how this field of study developed, we must return to the “Manuscript Era,” which saw the production of the earliest writings about communication. In fact, the oldest essay and book ever found were written about communication (McCroskey, 1984)

      I think it's interesting how similar our communication style to the manuscript era is. I say this because in the manuscript era they would use symbols to communicate. We are similar because we use symbols to communicate, more preferably in text by using emojis. Even though emojis are not a language, people can still understand them because they're used in everyday life and are popular to use in text messages. This just shows how communication doesn't have to be words or language to understand them.

    3. The beginning of the “Manuscript Era,” around 3500 BCE, marked the turn from oral to written culture. This evolution in communication corresponded with a shift to a more settled, agrarian way of life (Poe, 2011). As hunter-gatherers settled into small villages and began to plan ahead for how to plant, store, protect, and trade or sell their food, they needed accounting systems to keep track of their materials and record transactions.

      I find it interesting that humans in the manuscript era would communicate with symbols such as dots. I say this because dots would represent grain, which I find weird, since there is no correlation between the two. This shows how communication can change throughout the years and have many meanings. I say meanings because dots no longer represent grain, but back then it did, which shows symbols/types of communication can lose their meaning.

    4. Some scholars speculate that humans’ first words were onomatopoetic. You may remember from your English classes that onomatopoeia refers to words that sound like that to which they refer—words like boing, drip, gurgle, swoosh, and whack. Just think about how a prehistoric human could have communicated a lot using these words and hand gestures. He or she could use gurgle to alert others to the presence of water or swoosh and whack to recount what happened on a hunt. In any case, this primitive ability to communicate provided an evolutionary advantage. Those humans who could talk were able to cooperate, share information, make better tools, impress mates, or warn others of danger, which led them to have more offspring who were also more predisposed to communicate (Poe, 2011). This eventually led to the development of a “Talking Culture” during the “Talking Era.” During this 150,000 year period of human existence, ranging from 180,000 BCE to 3500 BCE, talking was the only medium of communication, aside from gestures, that humans had (Poe, 2011).

      II find it fascinating that early humans would use words that were onomatopoetic. I say this because onomatopoetic words make sounds that sounds like a whistle when pronouncing them. One example is swoosh, which sounds like a whistle more than it sounds like a word. In conclusion early humans used words that were easy to make that were similar to the sounds they make like swoosh.

    5. While there are rich areas of study in animal communication and interspecies communication, our focus in this book is on human communication. Even though all animals communicate, as human beings we have a special capacity to use symbols to communicate about things outside our immediate temporal and spatial reality (Dance & Larson, 1976).

      I find it interesting that animals have their unique way of communication. I say this because animals communicate with gestures and sounds. While humans communicate with language, gestures, and symbols. In terms of communication, we are similar, but we are different. Humans may have similar communication techniques as animals, but we can only communicate with ourselves due to differences in intelligent levels. Intelligence is a big factor because humans can learn faster than animals and have self-awareness unlike animals.