Social trust is a belief in the honesty and integrity of other human beings.

d Eshun‐Wilson

The BA was ignorant of the cultural appropriateness and acceptability of co-sleeping and was not aware that Kema’s siblings were co-sleeping too.

The pursuit of such a goal also requires exploring the habits and practices (e.g. cultural humility and cultural awareness) that exceed the narrow scope of ethical codes and help cultivate the attitudes, skills, and readiness to act virtuously in the complex situations that BAs face on a regular basis.

Inconsistencies in training continue to present a barrier to acquiring cultural competence.

Cultural humility promotes social justice by focusing on the behavior analysts’ role in challenging societal oppression, recognizing power differentials, and eliminating power dynamics

Cultural humility refers to the process of self-reflection and understanding one’s own implicit and explicit biases and how these biases may influence treatment planning and implementation; furthermore, cultural humility focuses on the personal growth and changes one can make in order to provide more equitable health care to people of all backgrounds (

Concepts of cultural humility and cultural responsiveness will be referenced throughout as a means to understanding and remediating personal and societal bias.

Therefore, training on cultural diversity and cultural humility is needed for successful ABA service provision

ABA practitioners should make meaningful efforts to understand the cultural values of each family they serve, although one should not have an a priori assumption that each family adopts the same cultural values.

We found that the majority of respondents (88%) agreed that training on working with diverse populations is very or extremely important.

A cultural analysis is also in line with current best practices regarding cultural competency in other human service fields that call for individual assessment and consideration of a client’s cultural background in treatment

Another example of a cultural analysis may be to hold discussions with local stakeholders to better understand the values and needs of a given community

Cultural humility involves the acknowledgment of the limitations in one’s own knowledge and understanding of another’s culture and prescribes an other-focused orientation to overcome these limitations, including strategies for relational repair when needed

Language may be described as a vehicle for culture. One potential impediment to the application and dissemination of behavior analysis is the translation of behavior-analytic language to terms that can be more readily understood by non-behavior analysts

Improving cultural humility through self-reflection is targeted as a professional improvement goal for this behavior analyst.

Applying self-reflection requires the behavior be defined; in this case, it might be a professional goal set with a supervisor of improving collaborative behaviors by identifying opportunities for cross-training with other disciplines

This acknowledgment of the importance of language and culture within the Professional and Ethical Compliance Code affirms the importance of culture at an institutional level to ensure professionals are working within their scope of practice

The concept and process of cultural humility is meant to replace cultural competence, because the term competence denotes acquisition of knowledge of other cultures as an end goal that can be mastered, whereas cultural humility recognizes and requires an ongoing, lifelong learning trajectory

For example, under Standard 9 - Language and Communication, some of the indicators of culturally competent social workers include: adjusting their services, information provided, and referrals based on a person’s preferred language; providing materials that are free of jargon; taking steps necessary for clients to receive accommodations based on their linguistic needs; and taking steps to increase their competency as it related to speaking “speak[ing], read[ing], writ[ing], and understand[ing] the languages and dialects of their clients without attempting to engage in dialogue that is beyond their own skill level”

Respondents (N = 10) to an initial survey generally agreed on the importance of addressing this area within supervision, and found the tool to be clear, easy to use, and useful.

54 behavior analysts

Descriptive ranges of CRSS tool

For example, individuals are asked, “What are my initial reactions to clients, specifically those that are different from me?” Questions posed organizationally include, “How do we define culture? Diversity?”

Cultural humility has been emphasized as an important addition to cultural competence because of its focus on lifelong learning and the strong connection it has to social justice

Ghana

Figures 1, 2, and 3 (ANC, SBA, and PNC respectively)present the prevalence of maternal healthcare utilisationamong young women in SSA. The highest prevalence ofANC, SBA, and PNC utilization was recorded in SierraLeone (90.3%), Congo (97.5%), and Zimbabwe (88.4%)respectively. The lowest prevalence of ANC, SBA, andPNC utilisation were, however, respectively recorded inEthiopia (30.1%), Gambia (32.3%), and Ethiopia (8.4%).Overall, the prevalence of maternal healthcare utilisationin SSA was 55.2%, 78.8%, and 40% for ANC, SBA, andPNC respectively.

on for these findings may be that households whose head has no education may inherently be low-income h

For example, it is possible that the youth might have missed some of the ANC visits due to the societal stigma linked to premarital pregnancy

Worth noting is that in our sample, a majority of those who did not attend ANC services were youth (15–24 years)

The finding that women with a primary or no education had higher odds of not attending the recommended ANC services

26.9% prevalence of poor utilization of PNC services.

Women in the rural areas had higher odds of making early ANC contact, but lower odds of using facility delivery and PNC services

The findings indicate that the proportion of women making their first ANC visit within the first trimester has been increasingly albeit slowly since 1997.

urrent findingsalso suggest that women who face violence made less number of antenatal visits which alignswith previous literature [38].

observed between non-deprived and among those deprived in one, two,and three dimensions for receiving ≥4

Wehypothesized that the higher the number of deprivations, the lower the odds of use ofMHCSs. H

Muslim young women were 22% (95% CI:0.72–0.84) and 42% (95% CI:0.54–0.64) less likely to use full ANC and SBA respectively than their Hindu counterparts

Young women living in urban areas were 27% (95% CI:1.18–1.36) more probable to utilize full ANC and 87% (95% CI:1.71–2.04) more probable to have SBA than rural women

The odds of maternal health service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic in motherswho had primary education were 2.16 times higher than those who could not read and write(AOR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.29–3.60).

Women who had only one birth had also a better utilisation of maternal healthcare service

Knowledgeable women were more likely complete maternal healthcare services compared with non-knowledgeable women.

The result of this study showed that being urban dwellers has a significant and positive effect on three (ANC, institutional delivery and PNC) of maternal service utilisation in the three regression models which is supported by previous studies carried out in Ethiopia

We noted that women who use any form of social media as a source of information have higher likelihood of seeking maternal healthcare during pregnancy, delivery and after delivery

This implies that more education needs to be given to young girls and women, especially those from rural settings, by providing them with essential information on maternal healthcare

we found in the current study that women with higher formal education have a higher probability of using maternal healthcare

The overall prevalence of maternal healthcare utilisation was 45.6% for ANC4+, 74.7% for SBA and 25.5% for PNC which are higher than (30% ANC4 + and 38% SBA)

This study revealed that women in their first pregnancy had 1.8 times the odds of utilizing ANC visits and 1.7 times the odds of utilizing PNC

For instance, younger women tend to have limitations in their decision-making capacity due to age maturity and lack of maternal healthcare experience

A possible reason could be that younger women tend to feel unprepared when becoming new mothers and dealing with new roles and physical changes during adolescent pregnancies.

20–24 had two times the odds of attending four or more ANC visits than women aged 15–19 years old.

68.9% had participated in PNC visits in Indonesia.

Similar to the observation of previous studies [4,22,44–46], this study found that women who listened to the radio at least once every week were more likely to have ANC visitations as against those who did not listen to the radio at all

The study found that the prevalence of ANC, SBA, and PNC utilization was 58.5%, 71.6%, and 40.7%, respectively.

community level of education and community level of health service utilization showed a statistically significant association

Those women who had 1–3 ANC visits were 7 times more likely to utilize PNC service as compared to women who had no ANC visit

According to the bivariate analysis, independent factors such as the mother’s education, working status, residence, mode of delivery, family income during the COVID-19 pandemic, worries about COVID-19 infection, ever taken a COVID-19 vaccine, and COVID-19-related knowledge were significantly associated with the PNC uptake (≥twice and the number of uptakes) (p < 0.05), while urban residence,

Women who listened to the radio almost every day had 1.51 increase in the odds of PNC for women

Mothers who got information/advice on early postnatal care serves utilization from health professionals were 18.7 times more likely to use early postnatal care utilization than those who did not get information

Majority (73.3%) of the participants reported that their last pregnancy was planned

cultural beliefs on pregnancy

The women who lived in rural areas experienced less ANC visits to healthcare facilities compared to those who live in cities [29], [30], [32], [34], [35].

Also, no significant association was identified between women's employment status and their utilization of MHC.

For example, the proportion of women with no education was the highest (78%) in the lowest group and vice versa.

99% of maternal deaths occur in LMICs

Having some form of education was associated with skilled delivery as compared to no form of education

Figures 1 and 2 show respondents’ knowledge on pregnancy related health conditions and danger signs for newborn babies respectively

PNC, increased with increasing age

32.7%, respectively, in the study area.

Although utilization of maternal health care services showed an upward trend from 1998–1999 to 2015–2016

The percentage of women in younger age groups (15–19 years) had received better PNC than older women

documenting the treatment plan (95%) and in accurate handover (95%).

nurses leading others in following the CALS protocol

ensuring accurate documentation of events and interventions in arrest management

The greatest agreement was obtained in statements relating to the nurse's role in performing pacing checks (100%), timely preparation and administration of prescribed medications (100%) and nurses’ role to act early to optimize the patient's physiological state (95%).

An important qualification for a nurse in an ET was being flexible in the emergency situations, being able to back‐up/support colleagues in some parts of the CPR procedure

The nurses reflected on how they prepared the upcoming shift. Preparation meant, that is, being able to, on short notice, make one nurse on the ward the “loose one” (ICU nurse 9), hence the ICU nurse for the ETs

Nurses are expected to manage heart failure using evidence‐based knowledge

A resuscitation team is typically an interdisciplinary group of health professionals, with or without other patient care responsibilities, that responds to a cardiac arrest. Nurses may serve in a specialised role as rapid response and resuscitation team members. Depending on the team structure, these nurses, often experienced intensive care unit (ICU) nurses, may also have bedside care responsibilities.

Bedside nurses are often the first to recognise and respond to an IHCA, initiating resuscitation and activating the resuscitation team. Bedside nurses communicate pertinent patient information, such as history and events before the IHCA, to the resuscitation team,

bedside nurses are often the first providers to encounter an IHCA or identify a decompensating patient.

Most of the participants (66.7%) in the present study declared they knew the algorithm well enough to perform basic resuscitation procedures; however, 24.4% of them expressed their wish to acquire additional knowledge or renew their knowledge in this field

a nurse must take over the management of the resuscitation

When facing a cardiac arrest which has the indication of DNR or ToR, 12.5% of participants reported that they would not start CPR, 21.5% of them reported that they would terminate CPR, and 14.8% of them reported that they would perform slow code. The DNR decision had significant relationship with educational level, DNR knowledge, and ToR knowledge (P< 0.05), while the ToR decision had significant relationship with educational level and ToR knowledge (P < 0.05). Moreover, the decision to perform slow code had significant relationship with gender and history of receiving CPR-related education (P < 0.05) (Table 2).

Pharmacology education in nursing has become increas-ingly important as nurses’ roles in administering, prescribingand educating patients about medications have grown.

responding to cardiac arrests and trauma activations, he/sheobtains intravenous access, troubleshoots peripherally insertedcentral catheter lines and other vascular access devices, assistswith conscious sedation, and serves as a clinical recourse tostaff and administration.

Non- critical care nurses are instructed to call for the RRTwhen patients display changes in vital signs or mental or res-piratory status, or if they feel that advanced assessment skillsare necessary.

nurse’s involvement in CPR decision making (DNAR)

Sometimes, order was created by using a Lucas TMmachine so that the staff members were able to focus onadministering medications and other core tasks.

By communicating continually andclearly, they experienced the situations as being more bene-ficial for the patient.

The experiences from actual CPR situations were partlyassociated with ‘bringing order’ to the situation.

at the same time it is, of course, very good to practice becausethat is the time to make mistakes, so you know you do the rightthings and take your time, so you know you do the right thing inthe right order, because it doesn’t matter since it is a practice, soyou have the time to think it through.

Pre-CPR: Experiences of training

Ranse andArbon (2008) reported that nurses with <1 year of experi-ence, as well as nurses with longer experience, find CPR sit-uations stressful