The rate of biliary injury was initially associated with a “learning curve” effect.

modern series report a population-based incidence of 0.08% to 0.12% for severe injuries and a rate of 1.5% for all injuries.

In 1882, Carl Langenbuch of Berlin performed the first elective cholecystectomy in a patient with symptomatic cholelithiasis. By the 1960s, laparoscopic technique has been developed. The gynecologist accomplished the first tubal ligation by laparoscopic technique. In 1987, Eric Muhe, German surgeon, performed the first LC successfully.