the heat buried in the deep ocean could be cycled approximately 13 times over the next three thousand years

could return to near pre-industrial temperatures in about 226 years.

TG uses thousands of miniaturized, compared to the THC, heat engines to transfer excess equatorial heat into the deep ocean while converting some of that heat into clean, dispatchable power.

the rest is transferred to deeper, colder layers where it no longer causes sea-level rise, extreme weather, or warming of the upper oceans.

safely store the rest in the deep ocean until it can be recycled

deploying 31,000 one-gigawatt TG platforms could transfer enough heat to generate one and a half times the primary energy that humanity now uses

Generates vast amounts of clean power

Reduces surface-ocean heat, slowing sea-level rise.

widely adopts TG

And yet K-12 education is only just beginning to adopt climate literacy into its standard curricula, and the inclusion of climate change in higher education, through core curricula, is lagging.

Taking all anthropogenic sources into account, a global average specific activity of modern carbon is now 13.56 ± 0.07 dpm/g C. In §5.8.1 we discuss dating by the “C14-method”,

14C is produced in the atmosphere by a variety of reactions, the most important being between thermalized neutrons from cosmic radiation and nitrogen atoms:(5.2)n(slow)+14N→14C+1HThis reaction occurs with a yield of approximately 22 000 atoms 14C formed per s and m2 of the earth's surface;

interactive map

The reason is that 2023 was such an extreme. This combination of changes better represents the larger range of temperatures now observed while maintaining as similar as possible look to the previous versions.

For the 2023 update to the graphics, we have done more than just add another stripe. There have been some subtle changes to the design of the graphics.New colours have been added - a darker blue and a darker red have been added at each end of the colour scale.The reference period used to define where blues change to reds has been changed - it is now 1961-2010 rather than 1971-2000.The scales have been changed - for the global mean, the colours represent -0.9 to +0.9°C, and for the various regions & cities, we use -3 to +3σ (standard deviations) of the variations from 1901-2000.

The top five storms on this list would be rated Category 6, according to the new paper.

Global Category 5 storms, 1982-2023

Carbon dioxide is by far the largest contributor to total forcing from these gases and methane is the second largest

In the uranium 238 lineage, the radioactive equilibrium takes about 2 million years

For a U-238 tonne, one finds 54 grams of U-234, 16g of thorium 230 and 0.34g of radium.

the microwave sensor is prone to underestimating

to determine the viability and affordability of a low enriched uranium-based NTP engine.

The annual mean rate of growth of CO2 in a given year is the difference in concentration between the end of December and the start of January of that year

big, complex, unstructured: messy.

wrangling messy data fluently to form compelling stories, powerful solutions, and innovative ideas

the microwave sensor is prone to underestimating the actual ice concentration and area when the surface is melting

Area takes the percentages of sea ice within data cells and adds them up to report how much of the Arctic is covered by ice; area typically uses a threshold of 15%.

There is not that much of it. All of the used fuel ever produced by the commercial nuclear industry since the late 1950s would cover a whole football field to a height of approximately 10 yards. 

Hydrolysis of ATP to Form ADP

providing information, sharing commentary, sparking conversation, expressing power, and aiding learning

soliciting volunteers and filling the white board with their responses.

the construction of a septic lagoon

Reynolds iterated that the lagoon — while not swimmable or fishable

With a filter chamber capturing solid waste at each site, Colburn added that the remaining water would be “graywater,” and that the liquid refuse would run to the lagoon via gravitation and evaporate with little-to-no odor issues through wind and sunlight.

messy data to represent a particular type of authentic data (Kjelvik & Schultheis, 2019). A key element in messy data sets is variability. The source of this variability comes from both natural variation and systematic or precision error (Gould et al., 2014). These data sets may have missing values (due to events that took place during a study), contain outliers, reveal unexpected trends, or be lacking in significant results. The interpretation of messy data may or may not support original hypotheses and predictions, but has the potential to inspire additional scientific questions beyond those initially conceived when the study began.

Authentic, “messy data” contain variability that comes from many sources, such as natural variation in nature, chance occurrences during research, and human error.

students typically fail to recognize that variability is a common feature of data (Lawson, 1995) and interpret small amounts of variation between treatments as meaningful, without consideration to whether the variation is from experimental error or represents a true difference

Messy data sets contain variability, which reflects both natural variation as well as variation from systematic error and precision of data-collection methods

The messiness of data sets is deter-mined by the presence of variability, outliers, missing values, and unexpected trends.

Firsthand data allow students to have direct experiences with data collection, leading to a better understanding of sources of variability, while secondhand data introduce increased complexity and more sources of variability beyond what can be collected in a classroom setting

Sea level, measured relative to the ODS, was noted every 15 minutes and was recorded in red notebooks

The parachutist opens the parachute as soon as he jumps out of the plane

Lineweaver and Burk adequately proposed touse the fourth power of the rate (v4) as weight variableduring the regression analysis

Note:The intergroups means ± SDs for the kinetic parameters are:Km=2.8 ± 0.3,Vmax=179.4 ± 27

Using the same data but introducing a weight variable(wi=vi4), weighted linear regression (dashed lines) yields accurateparameters:Km=3 mM andVmax=180.3 mM/min.

It should be pointed that Lineweaverand Burk were well aware of the need for weights. Actu-ally, what they did was to fit the data to the double-reciprocal form with eachvvalue given a weight equal tov4.Thus, Lineweaver and Burk should not be blamed forthe extensive misuse of their method by later workers.

Bone contamination occurs because both the protein(predominately collagen) and the mineral phase (carbonate hydroxyapatite or bioapatite) arechemically reactive with enclosing or overlying soils and sediments, and rain and groundwaters.

Fossil bone has been historically regarded as one of the most difficult and unreliable materials for14C dating due to contamination, degradation and carbon-exchange issues

Ho T-Y, Marcus LF, Berger R. 1969Radiocarbon dating of petroleum-impregnatedbone from tar pits at Rancho La Brea, California.Science164, 1051–1052. (doi:10.1126/science.164.3883.1051

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[A]0/2.

ln[A]0[A]=kt

The half-life of a first-order reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactants

Radiocarbon Dating. A plot of the specific activity of 14C versus age for a number of archaeological samples shows an inverse linear relationship between 14C content (a log scale) and age (a linear scale).

The half-lives of radioactive isotopes can be used to date objects.

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glass-box approach

black-box approach

Simulations can be classified by the level of interactivity with and visibility of the model, the types of variables incorporated, and the type of visualization.

The equilibrium temperature,Tp(K), of anexoplanet can be computed using the Stefan–Boltzmann law,Tp4=(1−a)4(rd)2Teff4,(2.4)whereTeff(K) is the effective temperature of the star,a(unitless) is the bond albedo of theexoplanet,r(m) is the radius of the star andd(m) is the semi-major axis of the exoplanet. Owing tothe unavailability of the albedo of the exoplanets, the equilibrium temperatureTp(K) is calculatedby assuming zero albedo (a=0)

improvement in critical thinking related to the assessment questions,

One other concern may be whether this method could be used across grade levels

An issue with collaborative testing is coasting—that students will rely on the smartest in the group.

Experimental laboratory studies have indicated that painting one of the rotor blades black may help to decrease motion smear

Hodos, W. (2003). Minimization of motion smear: Reducing avian collisions with wind turbines.

However, when implemented before con-struction, the cost would be minimized.

The painting experiment had most effect for raptors. This may well be explained by the higher visual acuity of (especially larger) raptors enabling sharp sight at larger distances

Painting the rotor blades was demanding given that they had to be painted while in-place. This meant using a lift which was attached to the hub and paint downwards therefrom

Applying contrast painting to the rotor blades resulted in signifi-cantly reduced the annual fatality rate (>70%) for a range of birds at the Smøla wind-power plant.

but especially green blades had slight—but nonsignificant—visibility advantages over black

Willow ptarmiganLagopus lagopus851512

The grid paper could also be put inside a box with sides (~5–6”square), so that the block would bounce off the sides and be sure to land on the grid each time, even when dropped from a higher distance

Each group uploads their %T vs. throw number data into a shared spreadsheet document (Google Sheets was used here) to create a pooled class data set

The block is repeatedly dropped onto the grid, and the grid is shaded in anywhere the block touches

help you understand the article

Hexagonal diamond, also known as lonsdaleite (Fig. 1c), has been found in carbonrich meteorites, notably the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite [12], and is expected to have been formed in the highpressure, hightemperature shock conditions of an impact, as inferred from laboratory measurements [13].

For example, natural diamond is formed from carbonbearing minerals buried in the Earth’s upper mantle at pressures between 4.5 and 6 GPa (~135–185 km depth) and at temperatures between 900–1300°C [10].

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Two extremecases for the electronic structure can be imagined, namelycumulene with double bonds throughout the chain(=C=C=C=C=) and polyyne with alternating single and triplebonds (-C≡C-C≡C-). Cumulene has a uniform distribution ofthe π-electrons along the chain, leading to metallic conductivity.In polyyne, however, the π-electrons are localized at the shorterbonds so that the continuous distribution is interrupted at eachsingle bond

Thecalculated length of the double bond in cumulene is 1.282 Å;the single and triple bond lengths in polyyne are 1.265 Å and1.301 Å, respectively

The majority of students agreed that their instructors typically use tech to engage them in the learning process (66%), use technology to enhance learning with additional materials (67%), and encourage the use of online tools to communicate/collaborate with the instructor or students in or outside class (62%); these responses were consistent across institution type and size.

Annotators Scott_S

GPS in your car,

"Is Google Making Us Stupid."

they would start Googling the question

explicitly directing the learner’s attention towards a particular element of on-screen detail, often termed the signalling or cueing effect

lecture capture

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