45 Matching Annotations
  1. Jul 2020
    1. of a large number of coins (more than 300 irregular coins were examin

      There were 117 coins analyzed for the study of elements in the coins metal but there were more than 300 irregular coins examined for the study of coin dies.

    2. mint was in operation nearby. It has been shown that even a significant ancient mint

      This explains why there were so many mints. Since anyone ccould mint coins provided they follow the standard for each type of coin which dictated the amount of gold, silver, or copper in them, and the engravings on them, combine that with the fact that it did not require highly advanced tools or extreme skills. Therefore you can have many small private mints with many of them producing irregular amatuerish coins, which is not a problem from a legal, monetary, commercial, economic, ritual, political, or practical point of view.

    3. subset of the data. A die axis study of the irregular and corresponding standard issues was also conducted and is presented here for the fir

      Die axis is the alighnment the coin to a circle. In other words, how round the edges of the coin are.

    4. bce and ce. Coins of some of the Hasmonean rulers are not clearly classifiable as irregular or standard issues, but the selection shown here is representative of those that might be delineated as standard and irre

      This can be seen in images of Judaean coins where some are round, some are imperfectly round, and some really irregular ones may even be considered barely round or just a weird shape which is not round.

    5. d); and/or (3) that there was less regulation of the materials in use at the main mints as well as at the irregular mints during this period i

      The method for measuring quantities of metals were not as precise for the more crude coins. It is not to say that there was less regulation, only the requirement for how accurate the quantity of metals in each coin was not so rigid compared to people with more precise measuring equipment.

    6. Not a single ancient mint has yet been absolutely identified from excavations in ancient Judaea,10 Samaria, or the Galilee. However, unstruck flans, casting de- bris, and chalkstone flan molds for coins of Hasmonean or Herodian rulers have been found in excavations in the Cita

      Since anyone could mint coins as long as the coins had the correct proportions of gold, silver, or copper defined by the government issued standard for each type of coin, there was no need to have minting facilities since minting could be done by anyone and the value of the coins is in the metals plus the effort required to mint it the right way.

    7. A summary of the major element percent composition data is presented in Table 1. Irregular coins exhibit signific

      The amount of copper was for meeting the standard used very rough measurements so as long as it does not deviate too much from the standard to the point where the very crude measurements would define it as different, than it was okay. Silver coins had too be more precise and gold coins even more so, since much smaller deviations would have a noticeable impact on the value of the metal in the coin.

    8. a short time. Sufficient bronze for such large series was not always available, and therefore small

      The standard requirement for coins was to have a specific defined quantity of gold, silver, or copper for each coin type. The amount of bronze did not matter in terms of monetary value.

    9. in a poor area such as Judaea, bronze coinage wa

      Bronze is an alloy of copper with around 12% tin plus other elements in very small quantities. Bronze coins were considered copper coins for monetary, ritual, and legal purposes.

    10. an suggested that "It seems much more likely that the 'imitated' coins were struck by Jewish detachments outside Jerusa- le

      This is not guaranteed. It is only an assumption based on currently avalible evidence.

    11. not as "money." However, there is no mention in the Talmud of illegitimate struck bronze coins, and this absence may be taken to suggest that the irregular bronze coins did no

      Who said they were illegitimate? Coins were used as standardized weights and measures in the ancient world pertaining to the quantities of gold, silver, and/or copper in them. It could be that anyone was allowed to mint coins as long as they put the correct quantity and proportions of gold, silver, and/or copper in the coins to comply with the government standards for the currency.

    12. This is a study of Judaean small bronze coins of both standard and irregular issues, but we can supplement it with other information that helps to shed light on the manufacturing of irregular coins in the ancie

      Note that coins were defined in the quantities of gold, silver, and copper in them and each type of coin was a standard for the proportion of gold, silver, and/or copper contained in them so they can be used for trade. Other metals in the coins would be used just to give the desired properties of hardness, and/or just to get the quantities to match the size specifications of the coins.

  2. Jun 2020
  3. clas3209.wordpress.com clas3209.wordpress.com
    1. Pergamon was an ancient Greek city located in Aeolis region, approximately 16 miles from the Aegean Sea in modern city Bergama, Turkey.  Aeolis was a region in the north western and western part of Asia Minor. 

      We should add an additional map which is more clear in terms of visualizing the geographic borders of this region.

    2. Pergamon was an ancient Greek city located in Aeolis region, approximately 16 miles from the Aegean Sea in modern city Bergama, Turkey. 

      It would be a good idea to add a map showing the neighboring states and borders to give context on the geographical proximity and consequences of such things to better understand the international geopolitical situations of the kingdom of Pergamon.

    3. Another famous site that was built during Attalid Dynasty was Theater of Pergamon, built during 3rd century BCE. The theater could seat for approximately 10,000 people, and it was the steepest theater in ancient history. Following is are images of the Theater of Pergamon.  It held space for about 10,000 people. It was the steepest of all ancient theaters. One thing that was unique about the theatre of Pergamon was it did not have a permanent stage.

      It would be good if we would be able to find more info about pergamon to put on this homepage.

    4. After a few years, Pergamon rose to prominence under Lysimachus’ control, one of the Macedonian generals.

      What were the circumstances that lead Lysimachus to choose Pergamon to become the capital of the kingdom. Was it natural defensive landscape to facilitate fortifications, was it access to resources, was it ability to serve as a hub in which armies can be sent out to the ends of the empire from there due to the geography, etc.

    5. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE), his empire was divided into parts by his generals.

      How many parts was the empire divided into and among how many genrals was it divided between.

    6. One thing that played an role in helping us understand the history of Pergamon were inscriptions found in Pergamon. The inscriptions included information about Greek laws and regulations.

      Would be ideal if we could find an image of an inscription to put here.

    7. Following is are images of the Theater of Pergamon.

      This should be the last sentence of the paragraph with a "The" placed before the word "following" and the word "is" should be removed from the sentence.

    8. The Attalids wanted to show their power and importance to outside world by constructing many incredible buildings. And therefore, Pergamon became one of the culture center during Hellenstic period because of its many notable structures.

      Grammer is wrong and the phrase "because of its many notable structures" is repetitive.

    9. Following are images of the western side of Pergamon Altar that was reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. 

      Need to label each image to know what each image is showing. Currently unclear about which image is showing what.

    10. Pergamon was an ancient Greek city located in Aeolis region, approximately 16 miles from the Aegean Sea in modern city Bergama, Turkey.  Aeolis was a region in the north western and western part of Asia Minor.  Pergamon was first mentioned in c. 399 BCE as one of the final stops by Xenophon on his return to Greece.  At that time it was ruled by the descendants of an exiled Spartan general on behalf of the Persian Empire. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE), his empire was divided into parts by his generals. After a few years, Pergamon rose to prominence under Lysimachus’ control, one of the Macedonian generals.  Philetaerus took over in 281 BCE and became the founder of the Attalid dynasty.  His family– the Attalid Dynasty–Eumenes I, Attalus I, Eumenes II, Attalus II and Atalus III continued to rule Pergamon from 281-133BC.  During Hellenstic Age, Pergamon became an important and famous city because of the flourishing of culture. Greek, Lycian, Carian, and Lydian were common languages spoken during Attalid Dynasty.

      The article does not mention the fact that the city of Pergamon was the capital of the kingdom. According to the city of Pergamon is in fact the capital of the kingdom. This needs to be inserted in the text.

  4. clas3209.wordpress.com clas3209.wordpress.com
    1. where they were invited by the king of Bithynia in order to help him in a dynastic struggle against his brother.

      How would they help him? Would they fight for him in his army?

    1. consisting of Roman and Italian merchants, slavetraders, and tax collectors; it was done by regular Anatolians, Greeks, Jews and other citizens of different cities.

      Inccorect grammer and sentence structure.

    1. Machine Learning Scientist: Machine learning scientists research new methods of data analysis and create algorithms.[32] Data Analyst: Data analysts utilize large data sets to gather information that meets their company’s needs.[32] Data Consultant: Data consultants work with businesses to determine the best usage of the information yielded from data analysis.[31] Data Architect: Data architects build data solutions that are optimized for performance and design applications.[32] Applications Architect: Applications architects track how applications are used throughout a business and how they interact with users and other applications.[32]

      There is also the specialization of Artificial Intelligence Engineer. Artificial Intelligence Engineers are software engineers that specialize in designing models, algorithms, and use other techniques which requires using data science to build the AI algorithms and systems.