Merriam-Webster. Definition of SOCIALISM. December 2023. URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/socialism (visited on 2023-12-10).

Related Terms# Here are a few more terms that are relevant to capitalism that we need to understand in order to get to the details of decision-making and strategies employed by social media companies.

p26 Alexander Abad-Santos. Reddit's 'Find Boston Bombers' Founder Says 'It Was a Disaster' but 'Incredible'. The Atlantic, April 2013. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/reddit-find-boston-bombers-founder-interview/315987/ (visited on 2023-12-08). p27 BBC. Reddit apologises for online Boston 'witch hunt'. BBC News, April 2013. URL: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-22263020 (visited on 2023-12-08).

When tasks are done through large groups of people making relatively small contributions, this is called crowdsourcing. The people making the contributions generally come from a crowd of people that aren’t necessarily tied to the task (e.g., all internet users can edit Wikipedia), but then people from the crowd either get chosen to participate, or volunteer themselves.

n8 X (formerly Twitter). Public-interest exceptions to enforcement of X rules. 2023. URL: https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/public-interest (visited on 2023-12-08).

Social media sites also might run into legal concerns with allowing some content to be left up on their sites, such as copyrighted material (like movie clips) or child sexual abuse material (CSAM). So most social media sites will often have rules about content moderation, and at least put on the appearance of trying to stop illegal content (though a few will try to move to countries that won’t get them in trouble, like 8kun is getting hosted in Russia). With copyrighted content, the platform YouTube is very aggressive in allowing movie studios to get videos taken down, so many content creators on YouTube have had their videos taken down erroneously [n2].

m23 Amanda Baughan. Make Peace with Social Media. Medium, May 2022. URL: https://amandabaughan.medium.com/make-peace-with-social-media-113877582006 (visited on 2023-12-08).

In the 19th century, as wilderness tourism was taking off as an industry, natural landscapes were figured as an antidote to the social pressures of urban living, offering truth in place of artifice, interiority in place of exteriority, solitude in place of small talk.

k5 Elon Musk [@elonmusk]. Trashing accounts that you hate will cause our algorithm to show you more of those accounts, as it is keying off of your interactions. Basically saying if you love trashing *that* account, then you will probably also love trashing *this* account. Not actually wrong lol. January 2023. URL: https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1615194151737520128 (visited on 2023-12-07).

Now, how these algorithms precisely work is hard to know, because social media sites keep these algorithms secret, probably for multiple reasons: They don’t want another social media site copying their hard work in coming up with an algorithm They don’t want users to see the algorithm and then be able to complain about specific details They don’t want malicious users to see the algorithm and figure out how to best make their content go viral

Social model of disability. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184222120. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_model_of_disability&oldid=1184222120#Social_construction_of_disability (visited on 2023-12-07).

As for our experience with disability, Kyle has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder [j8] and Susan has been diagnosed with depression [j9]. Kyle and Susan also both have: near sightedness [j10]: our eyes cannot focus on things far away (unless we use corrective lenses, like glasses or contacts) ADHD [j11]: we have difficulty controlling our focus, sometimes being hyperfocused and sometimes being highly distracted and also have difficulties with executive dysfunction [j12].

i8 雅各布·卡斯特拉内克斯。Facebook 以纯文本形式存储了数百万个 Instagram 密码。The Verge，2019 年 4 月。URL：https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/18/18485599/facebook-instagram-passwords-plain-text-millions-users（于 2023 年 12 月 6 日访问）

例如，存储用户密码的正确安全实践是对每个单独的密码使用特殊的单独加密过程 [ i6 ] 。这样数据库只能确认密码是否正确，但无法独立查找密码是什么，甚至无法判断两个人是否使用了相同的密码。因此，如果有人能够访问数据库，找出正确密码的唯一方法就是使用“暴力破解”，即不断猜测密码，直到猜出正确的密码（并且每次猜测都需要花费大量时间 [ i7 ]）。 但这是存储密码的适当安全措施。例如，Facebook 以纯文本形式存储了数百万个 Instagram 密码 [ i8 ]，这意味着密码未加密，任何有权访问数据库的人都可以轻松读取每个人的密码。Adobe 对其密码加密不当，导致黑客泄露了其 1.53 亿用户的密码数据库 [ i9 ]。

h2 Kurt Wagner. This is how Facebook collects data on you even if you don’t have an account. Vox, April 2018. URL: https://www.vox.com/2018/4/20/17254312/facebook-shadow-profiles-data-collection-non-users-mark-zuckerberg (visited on 2023-12-05).

This is because sometimes different pieces of data line up coincidentally (coincidences happen), and if you try enough combinations, you can find the coincidence that lines up with your conclusion.

Gregory Pratt. Cruel online posts known as RIP trolling add to Tinley Park family's grief. Chicago Tribune, August 2013. URL: https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/ct-xpm-2013-08-12-ct-met-rip-trolling-20130812-story.html (visited on 2023-12-05).

Punish or stop: Some trolling is in service of some view of justice, where a person, group or organization is viewed as doing something “bad” or “deserving” of punishment, and trolling is a way of fighting back.

Mark R. Cheathem. Conspiracy Theories Abounded in 19th-Century American Politics. URL: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/conspiracy-theories-abounded-19th-century-american-politics-180971940/ (visited on 2023-11-24).

In order to loop a set number of times, we can use the range function to effectively make a list of numbers to go over, so we can loop that many times. For example, if we wanted to ask “Are we there yet?” repeatedly, 10 times, we can do this:

Elon Musk [@elonmusk]. @Andst7 I hereby challenge @paraga to a public debate about the Twitter bot percentage. Let him prove to the public that Twitter has \textless 5% fake or spam daily users! August 2022. URL: https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1555950698252181507 (visited on 2023-11-24).

The Dictionary data type allows programmers to combine several pieces of data by naming each piece. When we do this, the dictionary will have a number of names, and for each of those names a piece of information (called a “value” in this context).

c12 Gender Pay Gap Bot [@PayGapApp]. Gender Pay Gap Bot (@PayGapApp). March 2023. URL: https://twitter.com/PayGapApp (visited on 2023-12-02).

We also would like to point out that there are fake bots as well, that is real people pretending their work is the result of a Bot. For example, TikTok user Curt Skelton posted a video claiming that he was actually an AI-generated / deepfake character:

最后，社交媒体平台对其运营方式有各种政策，例如允许人们使用哪些用户名，或者哪些行为会导致您被禁止进入该平台。这些政策通常部分由社交媒体平台上的代码支持，但也由人类的行为来完成，例如内容审核者（第15章）。这些人充当人类计算机来执行政策。

Act with unforced actions in harmony with the natural cycles of the universe. Trying to force something to happen will likely backfire. Rejects Confucian focus on ceremonies/rituals. Prefers spontaneity and play. Like how water (soft and yielding), can, over time, cut through rock.