When your body builds a molecule (such as an amino acid or a sugar), its "left-handed" enzymes will only make the "left-handed" form. It doesn't create a 50:50 mix of both left and right gloves; it just makes a pure batch of left ones.

Compounds from living things (like sugar from a plant) are almost always pure "left-handed" or pure "right-handed."

The Result: Because life's enzymes are so specific, the compounds they produce are also specific. This purity (not being a 50:50 mix) is what makes them optically active.

How Racemates are Formed? If you make a "handed" (chiral) molecule using only symmetrical, "non-handed" (achiral) ingredients, the reaction has no preference. It's like flipping a coin—you'll end up making 50% "left-hand" molecules and 50% "right-hand" molecules. The result is always a racemate.

The only way to avoid getting a 50:50 mix is to use a "handed" ingredient (a chiral catalyst) in the reaction. This "handed" ingredient acts like a template, forcing the reaction to make more of one hand than the other.

What is a Racemate? A racemate (or racemic mixture) is a 50:50 mix of both "hands."

Because you have an equal amount of the "left-twister" and the "right-twister," their effects cancel each other out completely. The final mixture doesn't twist light at all—it has no optical activity.

Start with Special Light: The machine uses a special light (monochromatic) that is passed through a fixed filter (the polarizer). This filter acts like a vertical slot, forcing all the light to vibrate in only one direction (e.g., up-and-down).

The "Empty" Test: Before you add a sample, you have a second, movable filter (the analyzer) at the other end.

Max Light (0°): If you line up this second filter perfectly with the first one (both vertical), all the light passes through.

No Light (90°): If you turn the second filter sideways (to 90°, making a "+"), it completely blocks all the "up-and-down" light from the first filter. No light gets to the detector.

This "no light" position is the starting point. When you add a sample (like sugar water), if it's "optically active," it will twist the light. The "up-and-down" light might become "diagonal." This twisted light can now sneak past the 90° filter, and the detector will once again see light. You then have to turn the analyzer to find the new "no light" angle, and that angle tells you exactly how much the sample twisted the light.

Stereoisomers have the exact same "blueprint" or "wiring" (connectivity), but they are just different 3D shapes (cis/trans)

Enantiomers are: they are molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

Imagine you have three very stiff metal springs. The "happy" or "ideal" angle for each spring is 109.5° (this is the natural angle for a carbon atom).

Now, try to force those three springs together to form a perfect triangle. A triangle's corners are 60°.

This creates two big problems:

Angle Strain: You are violently bending those stiff springs from their happy 109.5° angle down to a tiny 60° angle. They are under a huge amount of tension and want to snap back. This massive tension is the angle strain, and it makes the whole triangle (the cyclopropane molecule) very unstable and high-energy.

Weak Bonds ("Banana Bonds"): To even connect at all, the ends of the springs can't point directly at each other. They have to connect at an angle, creating a weak link. Instead of a strong, direct overlap, the bonds are forced to curve outwards, like a banana.

These "banana bonds" are weaker than normal carbon-carbon bonds because the overlap is poor. This combination of intense angle strain and weak, bent bonds makes cyclopropane much more reactive than other molecules; it's practically spring-loaded and ready to "snap" open.

Imagine a group of six people holding hands to form a big, circular ring.

If you forced all six of them to stand in a perfectly flat circle (a "planar" ring), it would be very uncomfortable.

Their arms would be stretched at weird, unnatural angles (this is angle strain).

Their shoulders and elbows would be bumping right into their neighbors (this is torsional strain).

To get comfortable, the group twists and puckers out of that flat shape. One person might lift their hands up a bit, and the person opposite them might lower their hands.

This new, comfortable, 3D "puckered" shape is called a conformer. The most stable one for cyclohexane is called the "chair" conformer (because it looks like a lounge chair).

By twisting into this "chair" shape, the ring (cyclohexane) solves both problems:

The angles are better: The "arm" angles (the C-C-C bonds) are now at their natural, comfortable 109.5°.

No more bumping: The "shoulders" (the atoms) are staggered, so they are no longer bumping into each other, removing the torsional strain.

This ability to bend into a comfy, 3D shape is why cyclohexane is much more stable than tiny, rigid rings (like cyclopropane), which are trapped in a flat, high-strain shape.