After 476, when Odoacer conquered Ravenna, the new king recognized the Pope's authority over spiritual matters. H

The Huns reached their peak under Attila (c. 406-453), who ruled from 434 until his death

The first half-century of the empire was anything but peaceful, as we have seen. After the conclusion of the Jewish Revolt, things calmed down a bit.

When he returned to Rome in 27 BCE, he was awarded the title Augustus (revered one), but he refused the invitation to rule like a king.

The senators, believing that their violence was justified to remove the "tyrant", called themselves "Liberators" and paraded through the Forum with their bloody daggers raised high.

At sixteen, after completing three years of study with Aristotle, prince Alexander governed Macedon while the king was away on military campaigns; and he occasionally campaigned himself.

At then very end, when the hero and villain are about to engage in single combat, Ravana reveals to Rama what he had not known, that Rama is an avatar (incarnation) of the high god Vishnu.

After the death of Alexander, the Jewish territory of Judea fell under Seleucid rule.

Cicero blended Greek ideas such as Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Platonism with Roman practicality.

Their brilliant general Hannibal, raised during the previous war and hating Rome, besieged and sacked the Roman ally Sagantum on the Iberian coast in 219 BCE.

A Latin League helped protect the city until 340 BCE, when Rome defeated its former allies and dissolved the alliance.

Like the Gita, the story develops themes of dharma, bhakti, loyalty, and a battle between good and evil.

He believed that fire was the fundamental component of the world, and famously wrote, "No man ever steps in the same river twice."

The Mauryan Empire helped spread the tenets of Buddhism (which we'll discuss shortly), especially under its third emperor, Ashoka (304-232 BCE). After fighting an especially bloody battle in the eastern kingdom of Kalinga that killed hundreds of thousands, Ashoka embraced nonviolence and Buddhism.

Cyrus conquered Babylon bloodlessly and became a sort of patron of the Jews.

After a conflict they nearly lose, according to the Biblical story, the tribes are united under Saul, the first king, in 1020 BCE.

Wild silkworms, which were abundant in the region, were fed on mulberry leaves and then their cocoons were harvested and boiled to extract silk threads

While there is no clear evidence of palaces, kings, or warfare, Caral had monuments and sunken plazas that seem to have been used for community rituals.

The Indus culture established a uniform system of weights and seals, which helped standardize trade.

Egypt's farmers grew wheat, lentils, chickpeas, and flax (for linen). An kin-based elite emerged in early communities like Hierakonpolis, in upper Egypt

However, as tin became scarce, there was additional incentive to find a way to work with the abundant iron ore.

The army of Ramesses III managed to turn them away; their attacks were most effective in the Levant where Canaanite cities like Ugarit and Hazor were destroyed, in Cyprus, and in Anatolia where the Hittite Empire collapsed about 3,200 years ago.

A diplomatic marriage between Ramesses and a Hittite princess sealed the treaty and strengthened ties between the former rivals.

It is harder and holds a sharper edge than copper alone, which makes bronze useful for both practical tools such as knives, axes, plows, and sickles;

Possibly the oldest is called "The Instructions of Shuruppak". Written in Sumerian about 4,600 years ago, it is structured as the advice of a father named Shuruppak, a mythical sage and ruler, to his son Ziusudra (hero of the Sumerian flood myth).

Although these agricultural innovations spread partly by the migration of people and partly through cultural exchange (people learning things from neighboring cultures), there was a significant amount of migration.