Cementum lines are growth rings in the teeth of animals, similar to tree rings, which help estimate the animal’s age by reflecting periods of growth and dormancy.

This phrase refers to environmental changes caused by human activities, such as deforestation, urbanization, or agriculture. Such disturbances can alter predator-prey dynamics and ecosystem balance

Habitat heterogeneity describes the variety and complexity of environmental features within a landscape. Diverse habitats can influence the risk of predation by providing areas that offer more or less protection for prey.