Snowbowl used waste water for expanded snowmaking opperations, aproved by the USFS
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. “Record of Decision: Arizona Snowbowl Facilities Improvements Final EIS and Forest Plan Amendment #21.” 2005.
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scalar.lafayette.edu scalar.lafayette.edu
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Rodgers and O'Neill
Rodgers, Dennis, and Bruce O’Neill. “Infrastructural Violence: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Ethnography 13, no. 4 (December 2012): 401–412.
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"Perverse adaptation"
Dunstan, Adam. “Victims of ‘Adaptation’: Climate Change, Sacred Mountains, and Perverse Resilience.” Journal of Political Ecology 26, no. 1 (2019): 704–719.
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Forest Service's review recorded Diné and Hopi opposition, documented the religious and ecological harm
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. “Final Environmental Impact Statement for Arizona Snowbowl Facilities Improvements, Volume 2: Response to Comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement.” 2005.
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Arizona's beneficial-use
Arizona Department of Water Resources. “Surface Water Overview.” Accessed April 13, 2026.
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scalar.lafayette.edu scalar.lafayette.edu
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Hereford's study of Hart Prairie
Hereford, Richard. “The Effects of Surface Runoff on Hart Prairie from Arizona Snow Bowl Facilities, Coconino National Forest.” Heal the Peaks Campaign, 2022.
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Rodgers and O'Neill's concept of infrastructural violence
Rodgers, Dennis, and Bruce O’Neill. “Infrastructural Violence: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Ethnography 13, no. 4 (December 2012): 401–412.
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Adam Dunstan, in "Victims of Adaptation,"
Dunstan, Adam. “Victims of ‘Adaptation’: Climate Change, Sacred Mountains, and Perverse Resilience.” Journal of Political Ecology 26, no. 1 (2019): 704–719.
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scalar.lafayette.edu scalar.lafayette.edu
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In Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Service (2008)
Navajo Nation v. United States Forest Service, 535 F.3d 1058 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc).
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The Hopi Tribe's 2016 official statement
Navajo Nation Office of the President and Vice President, and Navajo Nation Office of the Speaker. “Joint Press Release on Hopi Settlement Agreement with the City of Flagstaff.” March 8, 2016.
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The Forest Serive documents forty-one formal meetings with tribal representatives and over two hundred phone calls.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. “Final Environmental Impact Statement for Arizona Snowbowl Facilities Improvements, Volume 2: Response to Comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement.” 2005.
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The Arizona Snowbowl applied to the U.S. Forest Service for permission to create snow from Class A+ reclaimed wastewater. Class A+ is waster water that has been treated so it is safe to handle but not drink.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. “Final Environmental Impact Statement for Arizona Snowbowl Facilities Improvements, Volume 1.” 2005.
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scalar.lafayette.edu scalar.lafayette.edu
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1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act
American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978. Pub. L. No. 95-341, 92 Stat. 469. Codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1996.
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Wilson v. Block, 708 F.2d 735.
Wilson v. Block, 708 F.2d 735 (D.C. Cir. 1983).
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Hamilton documents that this conflict did not begin with snowmaking.
Hamilton, Lawrence. “Sacred vs Profane: Conflict over the San Francisco Peaks.” Mountain Research and Development 26, no. 4 (November 2006): 366–367.
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e Forest Service's own Environmental Impact Statement records extensive testimony about the religious and cultural significance of the Peaks to multiple Native nations
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. “Final Environmental Impact Statement for Arizona Snowbowl Facilities Improvements, Volume 2: Response to Comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement.” 2005.
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They are included in the National Register of Historic Places
Glowacka, Maria, Dorothy Washburn, and Justin Richland. “Nuvatukya’ovi, San Francisco Peaks: Balancing Western Economies with Native American Spiritualities.” Current Anthropology 50, no. 4 (August 2009): 547–561.
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As Emory Sekaquaptewa put it, "the close ties between the people and their landscape, both in their ritual as well as in their practices, that give the Hopi people their identity and place in the natural world."
Glowacka, Maria, Dorothy Washburn, and Justin Richland. “Nuvatukya’ovi, San Francisco Peaks: Balancing Western Economies with Native American Spiritualities.” Current Anthropology 50, no. 4 (August 2009): 547–561.
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The Peaks are the home of the kachina spirits, and ceremonies that perpetuate Hopi cultural and spiritual life are tied directly to the mountain.
Glowacka, Maria, Dorothy Washburn, and Justin Richland. “Nuvatukya’ovi, San Francisco Peaks: Balancing Western Economies with Native American Spiritualities.” Current Anthropology 50, no. 4 (August 2009): 547–561.
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Glowacka, Washburn, and Richland document the Hopi relationship to the Peaks through oral tradition, ceremony, and testimony stretching back to the 13th century
Glowacka, Maria, Dorothy Washburn, and Justin Richland. “Nuvatukya’ovi, San Francisco Peaks: Balancing Western Economies with Native American Spiritualities.” Current Anthropology 50, no. 4 (August 2009): 547–561.
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scalar.lafayette.edu scalar.lafayette.edu
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A.R.S. §45-141 and §45-151(A)
Arizona Department of Water Resources. “Surface Water Overview.” Accessed April 13, 2026.
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Vanderwarker
Vanderwarker, Amy. “Water and Environmental Justice.” Chap. 3 in A Twenty-First Century U.S. Water Policy, by Juliet Christian-Smith, Peter H. Gleick, Heather Cooley, Lucy Allen, Amy Vanderwarker, and Kate A. Berry. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Nick Estes traces the long history of federal infrastructure project
Estes, Nick. Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock Versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance. New York: Verso, 2019.
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Börk and Ziaja, writing in the Georgetown Law Journal, document that race is the strongest indicator of water and sanitation access in the United States
Börk, Karrigan, and Sonya Ziaja. “Amoral Water Markets?” Georgetown Law Journal 111, no. 6 (June 2023): 1335–1405.
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scalar.lafayette.edu scalar.lafayette.edu
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proposed using up to 1.5 million gallons per day of Class A+ reclaimed water from Flagstaff to manufacture snow on 205.3 acres
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. “Record of Decision: Arizona Snowbowl Facilities Improvements Final EIS and Forest Plan Amendment #21.” 2005.
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National Ski Areas Association frames snowmaking as part of the ski industry's "20+ year commitment to protect the environment." 87% of American ski resorts now use snowmaking. As well, the industry generated $58.8 billion in gross output in 202 and supplied about 1/2 a million jobs.
National Ski Areas Association and Brendle Group. “Climate Smart Snowmaking Fact Sheet.” 2023.
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scalar.lafayette.edu scalar.lafayette.edu
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The plan was to increase snowmaking coverage by 205 acres. The system was designed to use up to 1.5 million gallons of Class A+ wastewater per day to expand the season. To do so, an almost 15-mile pipeline from Flagstaff would be built, cutting down approximately 30,000 trees.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. “Record of Decision: Arizona Snowbowl Facilities Improvements Final EIS and Forest Plan Amendment #21.” (2005): 9-17.
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Dookʼoʼoosłííd by the Diné and Nuva'tukya'ovi by the Hopi.
Hamilton, Lawrence. “Sacred vs Profane: Conflict over the San Francisco Peaks.” Mountain Research and Development 26, no. 4 (November 2006): 366–367.
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western slope
Arizona Snowbowl. “About the Mountain.” Accessed April 13, 2026.
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