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political scientists have identified many ways in which people pursuetheir interests to get the kinds of public policies that benefit them the most

social, economic, ideological, institutional, and interna-tional

theywere more interested in justifying what is the right kind of government than intelling us systematically why we get the kind of government that we do

Understanding and explaining thedifferences among the politics of countries are really the core concerns ofcomparative politics.

The state is an organization that possesses sovereigntyover a territory and its people

Give Atossa CML or Hodgkin's disease, incontrast, and her life span may have increased by thirty or forty years

:1p:tn is unusu:1! :is :111 :1ch-:1nced indus-rri:tlizcd country in rh:1r ir hosts c1,rnp:1r:1ti\'cly frw bhor migr:uns. Yirru:tlly no rdi.1gccs, :ind rcbci,·cly sm:111 number of foreign r<.:siLlcnts who migr:1t<.:d for ocher re:isnn

changing the bw c:tn only do so much: our ,·:iluc system h:ts co ch:ingc. coo. \'\.hen \\'e rebuilt the economy :th:cr the ,,·:ll'. nur soci-ety forged :t powerful ·boys nenv1,rk,' with :i. common set of go:ds and v:ducs."

he \\'cwk welfare, and f:-tmily-pl::inning cultures rCL]Uirc :i. degree of social engineering for beyond the c::ip:i.bilirics oF the governme

t \,·hen women :ire not :it the forefront of chc poli-cym:1king pnicc

First :rnd foremost. co:1xing women with monct:tr\' inccnti\·cs CC) h:t\·c more ch ildrcn ni su pporc the econoni_,·. :rnd ul ti matcly ) :1p:m's sccuri ty. is really noc wirhin the purYiC\\. of' go\·c1t1rncnt-p

conscription.

t !us found these :\L·ti,·itics effective in impmving rhe inuge of the JSDF :1nd nuinr:iining positive rebtions ,,·icl, communities most impacred by bases :111d military exercis

ions into Japanese airsp:1cc h:l\·c made it clear th:1t the JSDF's opacity and capabilities arc incrcasingl_y stressed

\ declining hirrhr:1re encourages the tendency to presc1·yc the st:itus ljUO. Dur mindscr nf narinn:11 security is cwcrly dcfcnsi\'C. Very dcfcnsi\'C. \'\'c just \\":lilt rn pr\:scrn: nur current rcrrirnry."

Politic::tl ::ind socioeconomic conLlicions can mitigate, or ex:1ccrbate, chc cnnseLlLll:nccs nf aging '.Ind declining popubtion

lead co incre:1scd scability in the internacion:d system over rime because the costs of conducting war become prohihitiYcl_v expensive fi)r aging societies.~

:iw po\vcr and flexibilicy on the bactlcficld

rm:1lc im:1ges and hodics re\-cal deep-scared cul rural issues that obstruct the r:1dical tr:insf~)rmarion ncccss:i.ry for unlocking ):tp:111\ htent puw

compromises rn ics security policy, and the JSDF chronically npcr:1tcs under sulwptim:il conL

ied co the :1ging :1nd declining popuhrion,

1rgucs rh:ir cn:n if rhc govcrnmenr of )ap:tn (CO)) c:1n m·crcomc rhe high pnlicic::i.L normative, :rnd budgeur_v hurdles, rhe )SDF\ pl)\\'Cr projection c:ip:1hil-ities will sci 11 be l imircd b_,. force size and defense i nfrasrrucrure

cs technolt,gic::tl ctp:1bilicics and tr:tining. But the logic of the tcchno\\'ar ohscu res the existence of ocher i mporcant \·:tria.blcs chat concrib-urc ro milirarv pow

seven million u V" b tlins 0FhL1mbs \\"en: dropped on \'iem:1111. Laos, and C:unbndi:1-morc rh:111 t\\·ice che :1111ount dropped on Europe :ind /\si:l in \Vorld \,.·:1r 1

e midst of trying

It was the Americans who allowed the emperor to remain on his throne. It was the Americans who allowed the same bu-reaucrats and politicians who had led Japan into the war to continue ruling the country. It was the Americans who made the Japanese undermine their own constitution by building a new ·army, and it was the Americans who made the Japanese ~nto accomplices of U.S. imperialism in Asia.

Western powers were accused of making war inevitable, by depriving those countries of trade and raw materials.

Japan would have been better off if the Americans had never come. He was ref erring to the arrival in Japan of Comm9dore Perry's black ships in 1853. "They have robbed us of our cul-ture," he said. "We hardly know who we are anymore.

t is qnly a Western ideal, which Westerners pretend is universal. That's why this war is wrong: the West is trying to impose its ideas on a non-Western nation. The Americans are not only hypo.critical, they are arrogant."

ame category as the Japanese-even to be compared-bothered many Germans.

People with memories of World War II, he said, were very much opposed to sending Japanese soldiers to fight on any front. • People between the ages of thirty an~ fifty felt less strongly about this. And young people could be swayed easily one way or the other by the mass media.

So a National Police Reserve was created. The left protested, but without success.

But in fact Japan has a fairly large military, which it is constitutionally unable to dispatch.

n Article Nine, that "the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation."

The only reminders of the last world war in Tokyo were mere fragments in the air, like the military marches blaring from the pinball parlors.

paying an embarrassing relative to stay out, of sight.

you still saw the blind and maimed veterans of the Imperial Army standing on crude ar-tificial limbs in the halls of railway stations or in front of Shinto shrines

he prison where Japan's major war criminals were hanged was replaced by a skyscraper and a shopping mall.

Germany, where the ruins and bullet holes are still plain