28 Matching Annotations
  1. Apr 2024
    1. A dominant assumption of Oprah, her guests and studio audience, and of the ways in which the show is structured, seems to be that choices are freely made and can be altered at will and by “working on oneself.”

      I wonder if this is true because of the at home audience of the show. I would assume that most viewers are women who have the ability to stay home during the day and watch a daytime television show. This indicates that they likely have the resources to "work on themselves" and make different choices and try new things. The audience is likely not, say, a single, uneducated mother who is working to support her children at one of the jobs that she can get without a degree.

    2. Here the legitimacy of lesbian and gay lives could only be gained by demonstrating their approximation to heterosexual lives and relations. “Tolerance” in this context meant that lesbians and gays were allowed the space to defend themselves.

      This notion (not just on this particular topic) likely harmed the show and the discussions that could be had on it. I would assume that this meant that only people from marginalized groups who were willing to play this game, and not more radical ones who would really defend themselves as being different and not wanting to fit into 'the norm' would go on the show.

    3. (albeit problematic)

      There is something interesting about this inclusion in this article.. It seems as if the authors also can't put themselves in the shoes of the mother, who likely is not proud of what she had to do, but had to get her husband to work so that they could bring in money to live. I understand where they're coming from, but I think that this is unnecessary and sort of goes against the whole point and piles on the already attacked mother.

    4. In this context, the daughters had to defend themselves against the charge of hurting their mother by being gay while their mother could not be effectively asked to consider the ways in which her homophobia might hurt her daughters and, indeed, herself.

      This seems like the show was using the allusion of being understanding and pushing boundaries to simply parrot the popular belief back to the public while patting themselves on the back for addressing the topic.

    5. Jolene had explained that she had left her children sleeping at home, unminded for about 20 minutes on five separate occasions, while taking her husband to work because he had no other way getting there and she needed the car that day. What followed was an escalating barrage of accusation where a tidal wave of competing, smug outrage engulfed the audience and Jolene herself8 Links to an external site.:

      It's interesting that the studio audience (I'd assume) has the ability to travel to (likely) another city in the middle of a weekday to attend this taping. It seems as if they have the freedom of either not having children to look after or the financial ability/support system to have other look after them while they go to the studio. This shows how this setup does not work in terms of creating an empathetic space for people to share their stories, as the audience can't put themselves in the shoes of a family where there is one car and a parent who works nights.

    1. Nickelodeon was initially commercial-free but charged cable systems a few cents per subscriber. It could do this because it was seen as socially valuable, just the sort of offering to boost a cable company’s negotiation position with a municipality; but, as the Reagan era progressed, such considerations became less pressing. Nickelodeon turned into a service carrying commercials

      This lines up with the popularization of the idea that TV was no longer aimed towards the public good, but was now focused solely on profits and edging out competitors.

    2. Court determined that re-transmitting a signal down a wire, whether for profit or not, was not a ‘performance’ within the meaning of this act. The cable company was more like an ordinary viewer than a television station.2 Clearly the disruptive potential of the cable industry was not going to be contained by law.

      This likely led to the consolidation of different aspects of the creation, broadcasting, and retransmitting of television programs that we see exacerbated in the 1980s.

    3. As five-channel systems gave way to twelve channels, even well-served cities like San Diego were attached to conurbations via cable.

      It's clear that even though it was a threat to broadcast networks, people and other providers were always excited have more options.

    4. Original cable programming remained a secondary concern throughout the development period although another Pennsylvanian pioneer, Martin Malarkey, did start his own local talent showcase in Pottsville, PA

      This shows that people were excited to be able to use this technology themselves, and how things like public access television would take off.

    5. if uncontrolled might be disruptive of  the spirit and intentions of the B.B.C.’s charter.

      This is similar to the hegemony of the broadcast networks in American television, and the worries over a change to the national cultural identity if the networks were threatened.

    1. rapid deregulation that occurred during the multi‐channel era was far more political than the press or public understood. Shortly after the passage of the Act he wrote that it was “a preemptive strike by the corporate sector to dominate the emerging digital system”

      It's interesting that the result of this deregulation was the formation of just a few companies that have do much power. It doesn't really make sense that those in power would not have seen this coming, which does support the idea that this was a heavily political move that was aiming to enrich a few companies.

    2. “can help individuals become aware of the connection between media and forces of domination and resistance, and can help make audiences more critical and informed consumers and producers of their culture”

      These ideas seemed to have paved the way for how we discuss a lot of media today. Within the 2010s, the decade after this was written, America really started to pay attention to representation in media, with cultural moments like #OscarsSoWhite.

    3. The multi‐channel transition then was a period known for expanding viewers’ choice and control over what programming they watched and when they watched it.

      Looking at this from 2024, it is probably best that this happened this long before the internet took over. If people weren't used to getting this level of choice from television at this time, it may not have been able to compete with the boundless internet once widespread use began in the late 90s and 2000s.

    4. the network era was marked by a conception of television’s central role in the cohesion of the nation.

      It's hard to argue against the fact that fewer options brought people together, as they were all watching the same thing. But it is also important to question whether this is good for everyone. It seems to me that people who were excluded from seeing themselves represented on broadcast TV would become even more left out of the mainstream if that's what everyone was paying attention to and connecting over, and if that's where national cultural trends were set.

    5. diminishing prominence and influence of broadcast networks between 1981 and 1986 charting the increase in cable subscriptions, numbers of households with VCRs, and the rising number of hours spent watching TV per household.

      Growing up I didn't really understand the difference between broadcast networks and other channels. They had original programming and were known by a few letters, which seemed like any other channel. But looking back I realize that we had access to broadcast networks before we got satellite TV when I was 10 or so, which is what makes them both different and important- we could access them with just the rabbit ears on top of the TV. So now I do understand why the threat to them was so important to people.

    1. Negotiations finally established a system of royalties, and years later the residual system, which has since ensured writers would see a profit from each replay of films and television series, as well as required payment by the studios and networks into member’s pension and health benefits.

      It's interesting (and sad) that after decades of this working; of people being able to make a living off of their contributions to the television industry, the shift to streaming was able to throw it all off balance.

    2. This skill was unnecessary for film writers, as aside from serial shorts or the occasional film series, film writers need only be concerned with consistency of narrative within a single 75–160 minute window.

      It is interesting how different this is today, with so many sequels and franchises happening. It seems like a variance in quality plagues a lot of these, because so many are produced as individual products rather than film length pieces of a larger series.

    3. The crew that assembled was new to television—but each of them arrived with years of experience working in other media. Every one of these craftspeople brought with them knowledge and experience in entertainment, but arguably it was the mix of knowledge that led to the genius of the production.

      The fact that they were all new to television, I would guess, made it easy for them to lean on each other and collaborate, as there was no TV veteran to really tell them all how things were supposed to be done.

    4. The easy answer would be to point to star Lucille Ball.

      I wonder if this also has to do with the fact that her character is named after her. I think that this may have made audiences feel like they were really watching her on the screen rather than a character. And since she is the main character and the titular character, it would be easy to see why audiences would put so much of the shows weight on her shoulders.

    5. The job demands the skills of a visionary: someone who can hold the entire narrative of the series in their head; who is the gatekeeper of language, tone, and aesthetics on the set and be- hind the scenes; who knows where the series has been and a sense, if not a plan, for its future

      One of my favorite shows, Community, fired their showrunner for the fourth season. Though he came back for seasons five and six, season four is regarded by many as the worst. It is obvious that without this singular vision the show just did not feel like itself.

  2. Feb 2024
    1. additional decorated blanks became available for other occasions, followed by prepared texts for those who needed help in find the right words for the right occasion.

      This seems like the birth of the greeting card, where the thought of sending anything is as good as sending a personalized message.

    2. “Its [the pamphlet’s] purpose is merely to assist you— . . . to save your time and effort when it comes to phrasing your words for suitability in telegrams.”

      I think that we have adopted this into most of our communication, even today. I feel like even with things like email and texts where there is no limit to how much we can write, we rarely see the amount of detail that we can see in old letters that people would write to one another.

    3. For example, American society is familiar with the ideas of a “work week” and a “school year”1, both of which are organizing concepts for daily life. However, these same ideas would be essentially meaningless to the primitive Bushmen of Africa as they have no relationship to the circumstances under which they live.

      This makes me think about how until relatively recently in human history, the concept of breaking time down into something as small as seconds would have been meaningless and nearly impossible to accurately track.

    1. Some, like the news-boys and boot-blacks, are capitalists, doing business on their own account. Others, like some of the telegraph-boys, act as agents, receiving a sort of commission or percentage on the business which they do. Others still, like office-boys and cash-boys, are simply clerks, paid to render a particular kind of service.

      Though I'd assume these boys all come from lower classes, it would be interesting to see the sort of hierarchy between them all. I'd guess that some, like these telegraph boys, get more respect than others.

    2. There are plenty of boys in the country, too, who are steady, hard workers

      It's crazy to think that no matter where you lived child labor was normalized to such an extent. I am from rural western PA, where young boys used to work in the coal mines, steel mills, and in lumber to support their families.

    3. A faithful boy in the employ of this company is never discharged merely because business is dull,

      This is good to know, and goes against my thoughts about 'unskilled' (especially child) labor back then.

    4. The telephone and the phonograph, which already have done what seems to be almost miraculous work, may in time be made the means of conveying a message directly from the telegraph instrument to the person to whom it is addressed. But, until this is accomplished, we must acknowledge our dependence on the messenger-boys and fairly recognize them as person of business.

      Technologies still (and likely always will) rely on workers keeping them running in some way. There are always systems that need to be maintained and updated.

    5. It is of course necessary for the boys to know the situation of every street in the city. A large map of the city is therefore placed before them, with the streets marked on it, but without their names. The teacher points out different streets to his pupils, and they are required to name them. In this way a messenger-boy soon acquires a more complete knowledge of the city's thoroughfares than many an old resident can boast of.

      This seems like very valuable knowledge that these boys can use long after they leave these jobs. Even people who do similar jobs today rely on technology to navigate the cities that they work in.