137 Matching Annotations
  1. Jun 2022
    1. hose knowledge is it? Who selected it? Why is it organized and taught in this way? To this particular group?” (Apple, 2004, p. 6). And, of course, Paulo Freire’s quintessential questions: Who benefits? Who loses? (see Freire, 1970) continue to be relevant for multicultural education toda

      Critical thinking enables us to think more about education and even the power system. It must be very difficult to think beyond the existing system and practice a different education system, but it is a meaningful pioneer.

    2. Thus, acceptance of a broader definition of multicultural education has not been universal

      It is conceivable that it is difficult to integrate such different individuals into the same education system. Multicultural education has made continuous progress over the past few decades, and we have also seen the continuous refinement of its inclusiveness. I believe that in the future, we will have the opportunity to pay attention not only to the group, but also to the individual differences to realize the real multicultural education

    3. upposedly meant to raise standards and help close the “achievement gap” between White and some Asian American students (the highest achieving groups) and Black, Hispanic, Native American, and other Asian American and Pacific Islander students such as Cambodians and Laotians (the lowest achieving groups),

      Many policies may not be able to foresee the consequences after implementation. In my opinion, I can't imagine that such a study will make school education more exam oriented. And I also wonder why the dropout rate of minority groups will increase after the test?

    4. Multicultural education grew out of this context. Principally inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, it catapulted the quest for educational justice to the forefront of civic life in the early 1970s

      What I respect very much is that multicultural education has developed from the elimination of apartheid at the beginning to religion, gender, sexual orientation and so on. The challenge of race opens the way for thinking about multiple inequalities in the future. I grew up in Asia. It's hard to deny that when a country doesn't have such a large minority, it's difficult for people to realize the importance of diversified education. I also hope that in the future, Asian countries will have more inspiration in multi Education

    1. The development of these trusting relationships also resulted in these teach-ers feeling indignant about student failure.

      It must be lucky to have such a teacher, but it is also sad that every teacher will be like this. We not only need high-quality teachers, we also need many. Children need to have a positive, positive adult image in their lives

    2. Today was an almost unbearably sad day at school

      Empathy is almost impossible to apply to these children. We can't even imagine the growth environment of many children. Trying to educate or understand students in this situation may be very arrogant. I am very supportive of students' teachers who grew up in a similar bad environment. They can be closer to and understand students, which is far better than those policy makers

    3. The implications of chronic stress for teaching and learning are profound.

      Now, we have a deeper understanding of mental illness and the negative pressure that mental stress can bring to physical health. Another reading this week mentioned that "educating a child requires the efforts of the whole village". It is hoped that the society can also be more friendly to the teenagers at the bottom of the society and give them more opportunities

    1. Students need to be challenged with work.

      When I was reading, I hated homework very much, because there were so many homework, and they often had the right answers. I think the ideal assignment should be interesting, moderate, and can show everyone's different ideas. Moderate challenge can lead students to think and comprehend more deeply

    2. Most often, we simply write what you tell us to write. This happens ever y single day.

      This seems to be a typical classroom scene in my learning experience. Teachers are indoctrinators of knowledge. Students take notes crazily because they may pass the exam. But students' thoughts are difficult to spread, perhaps because the teacher already has the correct answer in his heart

    3. knows how students learn and is skilled a

      In China, there is an idiom called "teach students according to their aptitude", but in fact, such an educational concept is difficult to practice. Because there are too many children in a classroom, the teacher either can't manage them or doesn't have the opportunity to learn more about a child. Perhaps in this case, we should not only improve the quality of teachers, but also increase the number of teachers to meet the fair education for every student.

    4. , including the critical issue of teacher qu

      I am curious about how to accurately judge the quality of teachers. What about high-quality teachers and how to cultivate a high-quality teacher? Can teachers always maintain enthusiasm in education?

    1. it is critical that the communitiesschools serve are incorporated as meaningful partnersand stakeholders in the development of youth.

      As mentioned above, one of the meanings of multicultural education is to cultivate citizenship and socialized personality. In order to achieve this goal, culture, language, growth environment and so on all affect children. It must be difficult to consider students comprehensively, but it must also be the goal we have been pursuing

    2. If schools are ever to become space for critical consciousraising and liberation, the relationships between teachersand students and schools and communities must betransformed

      Campus is a place with physical restrictions, but education should not be like this. Teachers and students grow up in similar communities. They have similar backgrounds and can understand students. In my opinion, it is a rare experience. Education is not only the content of textbooks, but also the help to life and career development will lead children step by step out of the quagmire of inequality.

    3. YPAR challenges the traditional roles of youthas passive recipients of education and consumers ofknowledge by repositioning them as active learnersand knowledge producers.

      In the big environment, people always influence each other. Simply defining students as learners may also bring bias to education. The education system in this article will make me feel very novel and yearn for it, which ensures the students' initiative and participation in the school

  2. May 2022
    1. engage students in the learning process and to build their desire to continue in their educational journey. This brings with it the challenge to discover ways to blend students' culture with another diverse cultural experience to provide both relevance of the known and discovery of the new

      schools and communities must also recognize the importance of cultural and social supports in helping students succeed. This can help create a supportive environment that encourages the development of a culture of care and higher education.

    2. In discussing the role of being an educator and care provider, educa-tors do not often talk about their personal limitations.

      In addition to addressing the various factors that affect the development and functioning of the homeless population, school officials also need to consider the various biases that they have toward certain groups of students

    3. n provide a few touchpoints where educators can start building an effective college-going culture

      Having a supportive environment that encourages the development of a culture of care and higher education can help students succeed.

    1. inley and Diversi make an important point: ~any believe people are home1ess due to an ethos of irresponsibility or bad choices

      There are various factors that affect the development and functioning of the homeless population. For instance, some students is raised in dangerous conditions.

    2. While many families in the rural communities I have studied live below the poverty line, some do own their homes,

      Unfortunately, students who are homeless or living in poverty are often excluded from the margins of education reform and policy discussions. This issue should be addressed and end it. We also need to make sure that policies and practices are geared toward addressing the various forms of discrimination that affect the experiences of students.

    3. ducators must keep these neighborhood conditions and related prac-tices on their radar

      School districts and state agencies must also develop policies and practices that are geared toward addressing the unique needs of each student in order to improve their communities.

    4. from a moral, philosophical, and legalistic perspective, we should be practicing equity in funding because of ""basic fairness and decency to innocent children.

      Various policy experts have examined the various trends in the distribution and allocation of education funding. They have made recommendations that include increasing the share of state funding that goes to the districts with the greatest needs, and ensuring that the money is directed toward the most challenging schools.

    1. Students were critical of teachers and admin-istrators who either contributed to inequitable conditions or stood idly by without trying to change them. W

      It is surprising to me since most schools are not moderate enough to give students rights to monitor teachers'/ managements' behaviors.

    2. . They would also hand in their notes and questions for the other group

      This is a great way for students to learn from the others and actively pay attention to other students' perspectives. Raising their own questions and taking notes down is both the way of learning and critical thinking.

    3. but we would turn around and grade only final written products

      The ability of team work, expression and presentation are the soft power that students need after entering the society. In the scoring system of school classroom, such performance is often ignored. Therefore, it is likely to cause some students' underestimation and some students' overestimate.

    4. We firmly believed that literacy educators could encourage a multicultural reading of any text (Nieto, 1992), even one several thousand years old, such as The Odysse

      I very much agree with this idea. It is also a kind of disguised discrimination to only provide teaching materials related to colored people because students are colored people, which to a large extent deprives students of the opportunity to learn the essence of other cultures

    1. students could choose from a variety of elective-like courses such as African history that suited their interests and individual need

      When I talked about this idea to my group members, they said that it is similar to the university structure, which raised other questions for me. High school students still have to be prepared for college or the SAT and ACTs, is it possible that students will not be able to learn everything they need for the tests when schools giving students such flexibility? In this case, how can they raise the number of graduates who goes to college.

    2. Without any mandated curriculum or standards to meet other than their own, Harlem Prep faculty were free to cater class curriculum in ways that were relevant to students,

      Teachers cannot be copied, but what modern schools can learn from is the shaping of the relationship between teachers and students. The free teaching mode of the school also gives teachers full freedom to create a classroom suitable for students

    3. ere was a continual fusion of providing relevant courses and enacting relevant pedagogy that would assuage students’ academic curiosities and broader life goals.

      Such a curriculum system takes into account more what students can get when they graduate as an individual, rather than the measurement of each student's learning ability and the shaping of similar knowledge systems

    4. “The openness of the space reflected the openness of the philosophy of the school,

      People are constantly trying various possibilities of education. In my opinion, Harlem's thinking about the expansion of physical space in education is very novel. But I'm also curious. As mentioned in the article, you can listen to many classes at the same time. Will this lead to students' incomplete or unsystematic learning?

    1. Educational theorists have pointed to at least three problems with this “stomp and chomp” (Allard, 2006, p. 328) approach to multicultural educa-tion.

      The school does not involve being imposed, but rather, it is done through reaching into these cultures and shaping them.

    2. the African American students sat at tables and booths at the far right side of the lunchroom,

      School should commit to a multicultural philosophy will regularly examine its policies and practices to ensure that they are not discriminatory against any students.

    3. mollify conflict through discourses of celebration and appeasemen

      The importance of having a strong relationship between teachers and students is also evidenced by the increasing number of conversations that are taking place in the classroom. For instance, Ms. Anderson believed that more meaningful practices can happen in the classroom, while Mr. Sullivan said that students learn more from him because of his interactions with them.

  3. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    1. The Rainbow Middle School is making steady progress in accepting the great diversity of its students.

      The increasing number of schools that are taking the necessary steps to become more inclusive of all students is a sign that the trend toward multicultural education is gaining momentum.

    2. and produced a play focusing on the "Know-Nothing" Movement in U.S. history that resulted in, among other things

      The school's flexible classes are designed to provide a variety of learning opportunities, with a team-teaching style and an interdisciplinary curriculum.

    3. Incidents of racism and other forms of discrimination are beginning to be faced at the Rainbow Middle Schoo

      This is an indication that the school is taking the necessary steps to become more inclusive of all students. A look at the policies and practices of the school can help identify areas where the school might change.

  4. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    1. This discussion leads us to an intriguing insight: In the final analysis, multi-cultural education as defined here is simply good pedagogy

      Every decision made in education, regardless of how it is made by a teacher or school system, reflects the worldview and political ideology of the decision maker.

    2. As institutions, schools are charged with maintaining the status quo, and discussing such issues might seem to threaten the status quo.

      Multicultural education is very important because all of these problems are interrelated. There is a wide consensus among experts in the field that it is very important that students learn about diversity.

    3. However, Turner's name and role in U.S. history are usually overlooked, and Abraham Lincoln is presented as the Great Emancipator as if he single-handedly was responsible for the abolition of slavery (and with little acknowledgment of his own inconsistent ideas about race and equality). Nat Turner is not considered a safe hero; Abraham Lincoln is.

      This type of approach makes it clear that multicultural education is more than just the beliefs of individual teachers.

  5. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    1. help students to develop cross-cultural compe-tency in cultures beyond our national border

      Although global education and multicultural education have important goals, they can be very different in practice. For instance, teaching about diversity in the US can be challenging.

    2. A consensus is develop-ing among scholars that an important goal of multicultural education is to increase educational equality for students from diverse ethnic, cultura

      The rapid growth of the country's population of people of color and the increasing importance of non-white nations such as India and China are some of the factors that have prompted experts to urge young people to develop multicultural skills.

    3. These attacks occurred even though research indicates that the ethnic studies program increased the academic achievement of Mexican American students in the Tucson school district (

      There will always be obstacles and doubts on the way to explore reform. Sometimes such obstacles can even be life-threatening. However, this is the purpose of multicultural education to eliminate such prejudice and reduce the occurrence of similar racist events

  6. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    1. When multicultural education is viewed by educators as the study of the "other," it is marginalized and prevented from becoming a part of mainstream educational reform. During the 1990s, the critics of multicul-tural education, such as Schlesinger (1991) and Glazer (1997), perpetuated the idea that multicultural education is the study of the "other" by defin-ing it as the same as Afrocentric education

      In the United States, the history of same-sex marriage is also very short. Will the previous multicultural education include support for LGBTQ + groups? Outside the United States, in countries where same-sex marriage is illegal or racial discrimination still exists, can multicultural education really be inclusive of all races

    2. Some people identify with more than one ethnic or cultural group. This is especially likely to be the case for individuals who are racially and ethnically mixed-an increasing population within American society

      When a family emigrates to another country for many years, future generations often have a deeper sense of identity with the culture of the immigrant country. I saw an example before. An Indian girl of my grandfather's generation immigrated to the UK met a little boy who came to the UK from India with his father's work relocation. When the school teacher thought that putting the two of them at the same table together would help the transferred boy integrate into the school, the little boy refused to sit at the same table with the girl. Because in India, he is a noble Brahman caste, and the girl's surname is sudra. But the girl is very unhappy. She has recognized the mainstream culture of Britain since she was a child and doesn't care about the caste system at all. Therefore, even students from the same cultural background do not necessarily have similar cultural cognition

    3. A major goal of multicultural education is to provide all students with the skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to function within their community cultures

      When I enter the university to choose courses as an international student, I tend to choose the courses I am better at (more culturally relevant) in general education. Although I have great interest in other disciplines, I often give up for a higher GPA. In high school, students may not have such a large right of independent choice. Do students from non mainstream cultural backgrounds have disadvantages in learning mainstream culture related courses? Such a situation may lead to the decline of GPA, which further hinders the progress and learning of minor students

    1. For years, T.J. had been classified by the Education Department as having a speech or language impairment, but N.Y.U. gave him a different diagnosis: intellectual disability. It said he also suffered from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and an anxiety disorder.

      Later, therapist mentioned that TJ is a polite and sociable child, which is easy to cause misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of his situation. And when a variety of problems exist at the same time, and the manifestations are different, it is likely that inexperienced therapists can not provide corresponding treatment

    2. “What’s unfortunate is that we know there is a lot of growth and development that happens very early on in the brain,” Dr. Tam said. “And it seems as though we missed a big chunk of that window.”

      For a child, the consequences of misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis are often very serious, and even affect the whole life. Whether the government has the ability to provide quality assurance inspection and whether the people can understand such government help is very important.

    1. Although placement in special education is designed to help students, it can reduce their employment options and opportunities for higher educati

      Is this also because special education is not mature enough to support students' learning needs to a certain extent. Or the students who need special education are often different, which leads to the reduction of classroom efficiency and quality

    2. When educated alongside peers with disabilities, students without disabilities usually exhibit reduced prejudice and increased self-esteem (Potter & Quick, 2018

      The win win situation must be what everyone wants to see, but it has higher requirements for the guidance ability of educators. How to correctly guide the relationship between students and balance their different needs will be a great challenge for teachers

    3. . This research indicated that students were less likely to drop out of high school and more likely to plan on going to college when assigned to a Black teacher at least once in the third, fourth, or fifth grades. In addition, the researchers mentioned that the dropout effect was greatest among Black boys who experienced persistent poverty during their years in primary school. They also pointed out that future research is needed to better understand how much of an impact Black teacherswith higher expectations may make. Their findings support implementing a policy that encourages assigning Black male students to Black teachers to close achievement gaps (Gershenson, Hart, Lindsay, & Papageorge, 2017)

      This study further encourages schools to form more diversified and multi-ethnic teacher teams. Similar backgrounds can bring students more cultural identity and pride, and they will be less troubled by race and low expectations

    1. The presence of children (and parents) with a different view of life can be seen not as a threat but as a resource for realizing, in very real terms, the values of justice, rights, and solidarity. These values can compensate for other values focused on individual enhancement, for example, achievement and competition, which, despite the rhetoric of care, are the highest values in many, perhaps most U.S. schools.

      Just as we always say that school is the epitome of society, in the classroom, both children like Lydia and ordinary children can learn how to get along with each other under the correct guidance. This is an important content that can be taught to children in practice

    2. She just does not fit in, at least not in our upper-middle-class neighborhood and school where most of the children do very well academically. Her discomfort is, then, not caused by her disability so much as it is caused by active marginalization, isolation, and the lack of existing supports.

      Maybe when Lydia was young, she didn't realize that she was different from her peers. But when she grew up and began to understand what others thought of her, whether she would have new problems because of inferiority and isolation. Is it really the best choice for her to attend classes with her peers?

    1. y. Because I want to go inside a classroom and stand there andbe openly queer and openly Asian. Sosome poor teen out there doesn’t have to grow up thinking-I cannot be both. I cannot beoutthere”(Ngo, 2022).

      I used to be a teacher. I would tell my students publicly in class that I am a lesbian. Some students will come to chat with me after class and tell me that she is also a lesbian. In this case, I will be very proud. My students probably don't dare to tell others about their sexual orientation in most cases, so I'm glad I can be the object of her chat and an umbrella to some extent. However, there are videos and recordings in our class. My leader later told all teachers not to tell students about personal situations in class. I know what she said, but I'm still proud of what I said

    2. tically conservative parents are usually the ones who criticize and question new policies that bring about sensitive topics, and they assess what class materials areconsidered safe and unsafe for their kids to learn

      Such a situation is very common in the environment where I grew up, and such behavior also makes me feel very uncomfortable. Further expansion of parents' rights or demands will limit children's education and vision. Parents generally believe that this can protect their children, but in fact, their own ideas are limited. Opposition and reporting are likely to be abused, resulting in the limited growth environment of their children

      Such a situation is very common in the environment where I grew up, and such behavior also makes me feel very uncomfortable. Further expansion of parents' rights or demands will limit children's education and vision. Parents generally believe that this can protect their children, but in fact, their own ideas are limited. Opposition and reporting are likely to be abused, resulting in the limited growth environment of their children

    1. the district de-veloped a policy that would require teachers to not respond to questions

      Being neutral may in many cases represent acquiescence to homophobia, which may intensify in schools when students find that their actions will not be blamed. Teachers' intervention is very necessary in this case. At least preventing such behavior is also to defend the rights and interests of LGBTQ + students

    2. Finding neither overt support from LGBTQ youth, either because they haven't joined such friendship or organizational networks or because they do not fit the definitions of the terms LGBTQ, nor support from heterosexual peers because they don't fit there either, ques-tioning youth are isolated and experience more bullying and depression than other groups (Birkett et al., 2008).

      Finding a group is extremely important to students. That means being accepted, being acknowledged and have a safer environment. It is horrifying to be isolated, which can easily cause depression

    3. uth who are out or public about their gender identity or sexual orientation were more likely to report experiencing more harassment, but they also expressed a higher sense of self-esteem

      I am a lesbian who doesn't "look like one". I often tell people about my girlfriend and my wife and they would be like "oh, I don't even know that you're a lesbian". Mostly, people are friendly, but they would ask if I'm also into boys and other questions neglecting the fact that I am a lesbian. Probably these are not harassments, but I do feel myself so much more proud of myself after "announcing" that I am a lesbian

    1. We might follow a similar sort of intellectual trajectory in the research from either the early homophile movement or gay liberation or lesbian feminism to find other understandings of how much homosexuality/ fear of homosexuality/fear of being considered a homosexual/fear of same-sex desire (one's own or someone else's) has created the social identity of the purportedly straight as much as it has allowed the proliferation of every other sort of sexuality.

      While it is important to note the relationality between sexualities and genders, it does not imply that LGBTQ issues are not worthy of notice. For instance, kids of gay parents are often exposed to homophobic taunts and are taught that LGBTQ information is poorly presented in schools.

    2. knew we were not ready yet, but I saw no reason why we couldn't be, and I knew we had a responsibility to become the right school for Martin"

      Not only parents and schools, but also students themselves, the exploration of gender will also be in the present tense. If the school can provide an inclusive and comprehensive environment, it will be more conducive to the growth and exploration of LGBTQ + students

    3. Schools may fall back on insisting on normatively gendered behavior and in the process reinforce gender divisions and restrictions

      I think not wearing school uniforms gives students greater autonomy. Of course, if the school rules and regulations are more detailed here, it will actually be the protection of minorities. For example, rules and regulations can be written without excessive exposure, rather than inappropriate dress.

    1. y mandating narrow ways of being and thinking, they also reinforce assimilationist imperatives and exclusionary campus climates. In

      Students exclude the pregnant teenagers doesn't always because of shaming, it might also be they don't know how to treat this kind of situation, the pregnancy fact is not normalized

    2. adolescent girls are forced to bear much of the weight of learning about sexual heath and birth control.

      It is unfair to those girls who had to take all the criticism and result. How can schools support this and how should the society help. Especially considering recently that the supreme court has voted to overturn the abortion rights, it would only hurt the pregnant teenagers even more, both physically and socially

    3. ewise, relative to their Asian American counterparts, Latinas were far more likely to talk about feeling monitored based on their political participation, clothing, and romantic relationships (

      How engaged are Asian Americans and Latina/o Americans in these activities? Do their clothing and romantic relationships differ? Different cultures may also cause people to have different understandings towards if they are monitored

    4. s a tech-nique that debases gender, nonconforming students, femininity when performed by males, and activities perceived to fall outside of narrowly constructed heterosexual relationships.

      "Girly" boys and "manly" girls are the two main victims of such statements. But as a lesbian myself, I often hear people say that "oh, you don't look gay". This kind of statement hurts too. It is not only a stereotype, but also an approach to separate students, instead of normalize

    5. Taken together, such dress codes simultaneously sexualize and control female bodies and discipline their sexualities (Hyams 2006, 101). These rules imply that female breasts are objects of desire needing to be covered, contained, and controlled. An assumption of heterosexual desire permeates these dress codes, and such rules may also foster shame among young girls who internalize negative messages about their bodies. Furthermore, adoles-cent females are policed to constrain their perceived sexualities and to enforce what sociologist Julie Bettie (2003) has described as school-sanctioned and middle-class norms of femininity. Thus, the objectifi cation of female bodies and the implementation of school dress codes are not neutral. Not all adolescent girls are equally impacted by, or punished for, their styles of dress, and the subjective interpretations of the primarily middle-class and White school offi cials determine modes of comportment.

      I very much agree with this part of the view. The subtext of "need to cover up" is that this part is inappropriate and shameful. But girls should not be treated like this. They should understand that even after puberty, people will be different, but these are normal changes, not shameful.

    6. Meanwhile, unequal access to resources persist, and sex edu-cation remains absent in schools such as SCHS, thereby limiting students’ opportunities to learn more about their bodies, relationships, health, and sexual identities.

      Adolescent sex is often an exploration of the unknown. When schools give proper and correct education, many problems such as early pregnancy can be avoided. The provision of sex education should be universal rather than avoided in public education

    7. vertheless, stereotypical views proliferate. They are rooted in defi ciency perspectives, and they pit Latinas/os against Asian Americans

      In the previous reading, there is a saying that Asians are an excellent minority myth created by whites to prove that racial discrimination does not exist in society, and the low wages of other minorities are caused by their insufficient efforts

    1. The short answer is not well. About one-third of schools preach an "abstinence only until marriage"

      It is a brutal way to run away from the responsibilities of teaching the students correctly. Putting every student into the same mode would not help students to really understand the system behind these behaviors. They have absorbed lots of information from the outside and they may experience different feelings growing into the adulthood. It is the school's responsibility to guide students pass this period

    2. Yet girls can be excruciatingly tough on other girls, particularly at early adolescence.

      I am really interested in the reason behind this. If they want to be in a club of innies, then there must be someone starting this judgement to other girls. Why would this judgment ever start, is it because of jealousy?

    3. He stands stiffly and awkwardly, looking at us through thick glasses. "I want you to know I would never treat a girl like that. I don't think a lot of boys would. But you have to understand there's a fear of being sexual and a fear of being not sexual. It's a mass of confusion."

      Stereotypes are bound to cause some people to be misunderstood, but it takes everyone's efforts to eliminate such stereotypes. Teenagers' mistakes cannot be attributed solely to hormones or growth problems. These problems should be taken seriously and carefully distinguished, and then teachers decide whether to intervene and how to guide them correctly

    4. While some are troubled by eating disorders as early as elementary school, for most girls it begins at adolescence.

      The appearance anxiety brought by the perfect image promoted by the media is far from just a meal that girls eat less. My best friend will secretly save money for liposuction alone in order to lose weight. Such surgery or anorexia will greatly affect the physical health of girls. Advocating a healthy lifestyle and diversified beauty will be more conducive to the growth of teenagers.

    5. four out of five adolescents who become mothers are single parents.

      We should promote contraception and protect girls' right to abortion. Having a child prematurely is not only a heavy burden on the mother, but also an important factor affecting the unstable growth of children.

    1. To ensure privacy from the female world, the

      Why are "kids at school and decided what to play at recess" would be privacy to the boys? What do they think the female world is like?

    2. No, I mean it. I know they don't think like I do. Something different goes on inside their heads, but I can't figure out what it is." Her sincerity drew in others:

      At this stage, students begin to show secondary sexual characteristics, so boys and girls will gradually reduce communication at this stage. The school has not played a significant role in this regard. Classrooms will deliberately distinguish boys and girls in sports activities and other occasions, which aggravates the difficulty of direct communication between the two sexes

    3. Sadly, such comments underscored how girls learn to seek approval and validation of their worth based on appearance.14

      I remember that someone said, for male doctors, all they have to do is to be professional, but for female doctors, they have to be perfect, because they have to be both pretty, kind and professional.

  7. Apr 2022
    1. This youth-led space also had constraints, challenges, and negative features. While the girls valued their group’s diversity and hybridity, they also degraded and criticized other social groups as self- segregating, racially homogeneous, and elitist without acknowledging their different values and inter-est

      It could also help students develop their own fusion songs and ideas by encouraging them to use the language they prefer.Through the creation of spaces that are inclusive of the diverse talents and backgrounds of immigrant youth, we can learn more about their potential.

    2. One of the major contributions of this study was its revelation of the power and possibilities of in-between spaces that marginalized immigrant youth construct in their daily lives. While these infor-mal spaces are often devalued and dismissed in research, this study showed how they could magnify ‘community cultural wealth’

      Creating an environment that is inclusive of the diverse cultures and languages of immigrant youth could help develop a positive learning environment. It could also encourage them to feel free to explore their own identities and traditions.

    3. . They were simultaneously invisible and visible in this space and proudly claimed their existence, developing flexible identities and a sense of belonging.

      They had a hard time with the model minority myth, which was the idea that Asian students are more likely to be successful than others. It made them feel uncomfortable and upset.

    4. InTErnATIOnAL JOurnAL OF QuALITATIVE STudIES In EduCATIOn 1091alone in the apartment, caring for her younger brother while her parents worked. As teenage daughters, the girls often were responsible for household chores and caring for younger siblings, which furthered their solitary and constrained feeling

      Many of the students who took Japanese classes did not enjoy being in the formal classes. They also felt isolated and lost in the world of academia. One of them, Gina, said that she had no friends in the formal classes and that she struggled academically.

    5. Since the main goal of this study was to capture the experiences of Asian American girls, I did not include most of the other Basement Group students in my research. There may be gender, ethnic, and/or racial differences that are not reflected in this study. As an exception, I talked with Savannah and Meli, two Salvadoran immigrant girls who were close friends with the Asian American girls and part of the core members of the Basement Community. Their perspectives helped deepen my understanding of the experiences of the main participants

      Through alternative education settings, Asian American youth have been able to develop their identities. reyes (2007) revealed how a video-making project in an organization for Southeast Asian teenagers helped them develop their identities.

    6. Community-based organizations (CBO) (Heath, 2001; reyes, 2007), community-based educational sites (Fine et al., 2000), popular culture (Weis & dimitriadis, 2008), and various public and private spaces, including schools and neighborhoods (Weis & Fine, 2000), are also important sites where young people learn, know, teach, and (re)create ‘authentic and vibrant youth identities' (Weis & dimitriadis, 2008, p. 2291).

      Aside from being educational sites, community-based organizations, such as those that focus on the arts and culture, are also vital to the development of young people's identities. These types of organizations can also help them build their knowledge and skills.

    1. A translanguaging view of literacy disrupts this monolingual/monoglossic imagination. Translan guag-ing focuses attention toward the real action of bilin-gual readers with their full semiotic repertoire and away from what is perceived to be the monolingual/monoglossic language of the text (see Table 1)

      Although Latinx bilin-guals have a variety of meanings, they do not fall within the linguistic boundaries established in English and Spanish bilingual classrooms. Anzalda described this space as the borderlands, where Latinx live and communicate.

    2. Most teachers in U.S. schools see their instruc-tion as being in English, and sometimes in Spanish or a language other than English. In this, most teach-ers reveal their monolingual view of literacy, insist-ing that the acts of literacy need to be performed in either one language or the other. Teachers also have a monoglossic view of literacy, as if the language of the school text is static and contains the only lin-guistic features that are vali

      They then insist that the acts of literacy be performed in both English and another language. This is a monolingual view of the subject, and it also suggests that the school's text is static.

    1. Without special attention and strong support from their schools, undocumented immigrant students face barriers that considerably under-cut their ability to make successful transitions from high school to a life after that preserves some of the protections and inclusions they enjoy in K–12 schools. Indeed, other marginal student populations share many of the same questions of access. However, undocumented students’ exclusions from federal and state aid create added layers of need that require support and assistance so they can navigate the diffi cult terrain of college appli-cations and private scholarships. In addition, as we will see in the next section, undocumented status places additional stresses on students that create additional needs

      Many of the same questions apply to the student populations of other marginalized groups. However, exclusion from federal and state aid can create additional barriers to higher education. This issue is especially important for students from low-income families.

    2. Our respondents who were in ESL classes reported a different kind of prob-lem. They expressed feeling overwhelmed by the additional barriers they faced because of their immigration status and their classes. Blanca from South Los Angeles conveyed the pressure she felt due to these barrie

      These decisions can be very challenging for young people, especially since they have limited options when it comes to their work and driving.

    3. suggest that students’ ability to access these relationships is shaped by their position within the school curriculum hier-archy. There are many reasons why undocumented immigrant students do not make successful transitions to college: exclusion from fi nancial aid, resource-challenged families, frustration, and disillusionment, to name a few

      Their immigration status makes them more vulnerable to experiencing additional stress, such as fear of deportation. As they get older, they face various dilemmas regarding their work and personal lives. These include deciding whether to work part-time or full-time, and whether to continue driving illegally.

    4. With so many mouths to feed, Flor’s family struggled to make ends meet. She entered the labor force at the age of 14. A family cleaning business allowed her to bypass the typical hurdles involved in seeking work. How-ever, a grueling work schedule forced her to miss too many days of school. She felt frustrated and scared, wondering if her future held anything more than backbreaking work. She left high school during her junior year after being suspended for excessive—work-related—truancies

      Through a family cleaning business, she was able to bypass the typical obstacles that people often face when they try to find work. However, her hard work eventually caught up with her and she left high school.

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    1. n the United States, AleJ·andro Portes and -.00 e· . Ruben Rumbaut have shown that by the second generation, 40 percent of a large sample of five thousand no longer felt competent in their parents' language and 95 percent claimed to be English dominant.

      Political scientist Samuel Huntington of Harvard University warns that large-scale immigration from Mexico could lead to a bifurcation of the US. He claims that Mexicans do not want to learn English and are contemptuous of American culture.

    2. Recently arrived immigrant youth from Central America, China, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico were recruited for the study. These five regions of the world were selected for a variety of reasons. They repre-sent migration from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia-the source of nearly 80 percent of all new arrivals to the United States today.

      Before they came to the US, our study participants had already spent at least half of their lives in their native countries. They were also faced with the daunting task of learning a new language and adapting to a new culture. This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the challenges that new immigrants face when they make the move. It does not matter how young or how old a person is when they arrive in the US, their experiences will not be different from those of their parents or the second generation. All of the study participants were born abroad and had parents who were from the same country.

    3. Therefore, they are likely to grow up in households where cultural, linguistic, and social tradi-tions, while in flux, retain some of the distinct flavors that immigrants bring with them to the new country.

      New immigrants to the US will be heavily dependent on the teachers, coaches, and other school personnel who will guide them in their efforts to finish their education and get into college. It is these individuals who will play a vital role in their development as they try to establish their identities and establish their goals.

    4. Some will find nourishment for their dreams, while others will have their hopes crushed. The relationships they establish with peers, teachers, coaches, and others will help shape their characters, open new opportunities, and set constraints to future pathways. It is in their engage-ment with schooling most broadly defined that immigrant youth will pro-foundly transform themselves.

      New immigrants to the US will be heavily dependent on the teachers, coaches, and other school personnel who will guide them in their efforts to finish their education and get into college. It is these individuals who will play a vital role in their development as they try to establish their identities and establish their goals.

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    1. I aim to instruct them on standards-in writing and reading, math, science, and social studies-but also standards such as valuing diversity

      Use displays and posters to inform and inspire staff members. Conduct studies to debunk the myths surrounding childhood poverty. Form study groups to discuss the physiological effects of poverty.

    2. My parents worked at the local textile mill. My mom got a job there when I was a baby and worked at the mill until she was diagnosed with a terminal disease. My father, who retired a few months before he turned 50 because of chronic back pain, still managed to spend 30 years inside the mill. For him it was a family affair; his mother worked at the same mill for the better part of her working life, his aunt worked at the mill for 40 years, and his older brother served almost 40 years there

      Resources are generated and accumulated in generations, and with poverty, it might also be heritage during generations. They are the working class, doing the tiring physical work with little pay. They are working hard to make a living, but there are too many struggles in their lives.

    3. o parent wants to be called to come in and talk about how his or her kid is underachieving or getting into trouble. However, I think that if a teacher had made some small attempt to communicate with my mother in a positive manner, perhaps a letter inviting her to come to the school or just an invitation for a letter in reply, it would have been a great step toward earning my mother's respect and trust

      The author was a good kid that needed parents' attention. And some kids might do things outrageously just to have their parents come to school.Students like the author is commonly neglected at school.

    4. else is the feeling of being alone.

      even if the author was that kind of hard-working student, being alone and not being able to show himself in class also limits his study experiences

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    1. Poor children often breathe contaminated air and drink impure water. Their households are more crowded, noisy, and physically deteriorated, and they contain a greater number of safety hazards (

      Education can help with mental problems, but physical problems can only be helped with the whole society's effort. There are people fighting for their own homes and creating a better environment for everyone. But it is the governments' job to see the balance between economic growth and public health.

    2. In addition, in many cases, low-achieving high school students report a sense of alienation from their schools.

      I believe during discussions, they can discuss the physiological effects of poverty on the brain. Conduct studies to debunk the myths surrounding childhood poverty among staff members.

    3. In addition, for those who live below the poverty line for multiple years and receive minimal support or interventions, each year of life “carries over” problems from the prior year.

      To foster a culture of caring, establish a school environment that is respectful of the needs of its students. You can also help build a positive environment by using displays and posters.

    4. Common issues in low-income families include depression, chemical dependence, and hectic work schedules—all factors that interfere with the healthy attachments that foster children’s self-esteem, sense of mastery of their environment, and optimistic attitudes. Instead, poor children often feel isolated and unloved, feelings that kick off a downward spiral of unhappy life events, including poor academic performance, behavioral problems, dropping out of school, and drug abuse. These events tend to rule out col-lege as an option and perpetuate the cycle of poverty

      Despite their resilience, students living in poverty often face various obstacles that are not easily resolved. These issues can also contribute to a healthy dose of challenges.

    5. Change the school culture from pity to empathy.

      Personally, I find it hard to completely distinguish these two feelings. There is a blurry line in between, empathy would make me better understand one another, but what reaction would be considered empathy instead of pity.

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    1. Christmas was no better. I knew that our teacher would open her gifts in front of everyone.

      One of the most common comments that school staff members make about working with children living in poverty is that they come from a harsh environment. This sentiment can lead to lowered expectations and decrease the likelihood of success.

    2. Danny's egg was dressed exactly like Abraham Lincoln. It had a top hat and a black jacket with a white shirt and stiff paper collar.

      I remember in my elementary school, my mom would help with some of my art work, so that I can win the contest. But I know that this is not something I am proud of, because they were my mom's ideas, not mine. The author should be proud of what he had done.

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    1. Parents intervene in specific areas, such as personal grooming, meals, and occasional chores, but they do not continuously direct and monitor their children's leisure activities

      In order to improve the well-being of children, ults gave them directions and told them to play outside. They also considered extended family net-works to be very important.

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    1. re you Ms. Ungemah? You were my English teacher!"

      I remember when we go shopping, my mom would always encounter situations like this. My middle school math teacher was even one of my mom's students. I believe it would be proud to hear something like this.

    2. He wanted to learn, he was capable of learning, but that first step of getting help was too much for him to initiate.

      If a student doesn't even know how to read and write, how could he be able to finish tests and be in the grade? Nobody ever checked on his ability and he was too shy to tell everybody?

    1. A second step is turning to the ramifications of poverty in students’ liv

      I am not sure if this would be offended to the kids coming from families in poverty. This might be a topic that they don't want to talk about in class. Would this make them hide some information they have and pretend to be ok?

    2. want to suggest that the primary causes of poverty lie not in individual behavior at all, but in specific social and historical structures, in forces outside of any single person’s control . . . the essential causes of American poverty lie elsewhere: in the paucity of jobs on which someone might support a family, in inadequate access to health care and child care, in meager educational resources, in specific governmental policies, in nonexistent vocational training, in the workings of the criminal justice system . . . in a painful history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination. (p. xii

      Chances are the thing that families in poverty need the most. They have limited chances due to biases and poverty. I do think that job training would be more beneficial to the families than traditional school classes. It would help resolve the most urgent problem-poverty

    3. m, has access only to failing schools, is frequently hungry, and upon graduation, faces a community that is wracked by few job opportunities, what is his contribution to his economic scenario? Is he expected to clear all these hurdles by simply pulling up on those bootstraps

      Why do education need to be similar to every one. One reason I see that kids from poverty won't value school that much is that they don't know how to apply things they learnt at school to real life. And poverty would still be a problem before they can really start working. What if school and work could be combined, they learn both practical skills and knowledge from book at school. And they would get the chance to do internships during school to help themselves, even the family.

    1. Unlike the Asian American students with whom I spoke, few of whom mentioned any problems with staff or administration,

      I feel it myself as an Asian student, we're used to cover up all the problems since we don't want to cause anybody else's problem. But it is not a healthy way, since it would mentally or even physically hurt us

    2. It was known that the Asian students did a lot bett er than everybody else. I mean, Asians are smart. Some Hispanics are smart too. But you always see Asians studying, you always see them in the library; they’re always reading, they always get As on their tests. So yeah, it was prett y much known around the school that Asians did bett er in classes than everybody else.”

      Despite being smart, many Asian students still study and attend school in the library. They also get As on their tests. It was already known that Asian students bet on the games in class, but it was taken for granted. According to Gabriela Fernandez, these dynamics were rarely discussed. She said that these dynamics were taken for granted, and they went unremarked.

    3. A focus on individual motivation and family dynamics, without att ention to larger social and institutional fac-tors, can serve similarly to divert att ention from structural and relational factors.

      Why do people want to drive attention? Who will be the beneficiary in this kind of circumstance? Is it more politically or socially?

    1. n this era of school multiculturalism, many administrators encourage teachers to celebrate diversity in classrooms, and this superficial “be happy” multiculturalism may sometimes reduce their ability to see the impact of such racist treatment on students of color, as well as the underlying reality of institutionalized racism in their educational institutions.

      In the midst of school multiculturalism, many teachers encourage their students to celebrate diversity in the classroom, but this superficial approach may reduce their ability to see the effects of this practice on the students of color.

    1. , asserted that Asian Americans have “transcended the ravages caused even by harsh legal and social discrimination” and should not be the beneficiaries of affirmative action because they are “over-represented in key institution

      Stereotype to the Asians has been a success. People, no matter color are cringed to this idea. But just as mentioned before, even many of the Asians have better economy, they don't usually have the management positions offered, it is just like hundred of years ago when Asians would work for the Whites.

    2. an ‘if you are offended, you obviously can’t take a joke’ tacked on at the en

      This is a moral coercion that the white people add on the Asians, probably they think that Asians are submissive and there is not so many of them that would dare to speak up. But with more and more medias likes this been released, it's going to gradually shape the society's views towards the Asian

    3. e “kill all the Chi-nese.

      If kids are saying such hatred words, in what kind of environment were they raised and what the world is teaching them? I haven't watch the show yet, but do the kids really understand what does their kind of political and economical problem mean? Are the hosts or actors simply want to enlarge and dismiss the problem.

    4. Virtually all Japanese are short. Japanese are likely to be stockier and broader-hipped than short Chinese. Although both have the typical epicanthic fold on the upper eyelid, Japanese eyes are usually set closer together. The Chi-nese expression is likely to be more placid, kindly, open; the Japanese more positive, dogmatic, arrogant. Japanese are hesitant, nervous in conversation, laugh loudly at the wrong time. Japanese walk stiffly erect, hard heeled. Chinese, more relaxed, have an easy gait, sometimes shuffl

      Although this statement feels like the white people "prefer" Chinese, but the whole statement sounds objectified to me. It feels like an observation note and no matter how it describes Asian, the Asians are not being talked about in a respectful level

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    1. social capital that they would otherwise enjoy were the school not so aggressively (subtrac-tively) assimilationist.

      I absolutely agree with this. School is not a place to shape students into similar backgrounds. The environment they are emerged to shouldn't be something that the schools want to abolish. Embrace what they already have and critically do the subtractive

    2. Spanish" rules w

      Shanghai did the same thing in 2000s, at that time, the government want Mandarin to prevail so they ruled that no Shanghai dialect (Shanghainese) is allowed to be used in classroom, and they are also asking parents to talk to their kids in Mandarin. The goal at that time was met, but fewer and fewer students nowadays know how to say their dialect now. Unlike Spanish, Shanghainese is facing a problem that it may extinct in the near future.

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    1. [I said] I'm gonna be Black

      This is a sarcastic saying. It is something that a teenager trying to fit in "her group of people". I remember when I watched a tv series that a girl was excluded from her " black friend group" is because her dad is black and her mom is white, she is not " black enough". When kids feel lonely at school, they might just alter their taste to fit in.

    2. agine David at fifteen, six foot two, wearing the adolescent attire of the day, passing adults he doesn't know on the sidewalk. Would the women hold their purses a little tighter, maybe even cross the street to avoid him? Would he hear the sound of the automatic door locks on cars as he passes by? Would he be followed around by the security guards at the local mall? As he stopped in town with his new bicycle, would a police officer hassle him, asking where he got it, implying that it might be stolen? Would strangers assume he plays basketball? Each of these experiences would convey a racial message. At seven, race was not yet salient for David because it was not yet salient for society. But later it would b

      It is very sad that the society stereotype is gradually framing the kid's identity. In a psychology test taken decades ago, when asking kids (including the black kids) which doll would be the bad doll between a black-skin doll and a white-skin doll, kids would point to the black-skin doll. It is racism that flows in the daily understanding and that hurts the teenagers when growing up.

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    1. Whether we are immediately aware of it or not, the United States is surely composed of a plethora of perspectives.

      The more I read, the more I feel like there is no solution even close to perfect. Every kid is individual, and there are other individuals (parents and teachers) around, which brings too many variables into the classroom. To better accommodate the goal of having kids study in mostly the same progress in class, it seems like we should place students with similar backgrounds in the same classroom. However, it is a solution that largely runs away from the multi-cultural education.

    2. 172 Looking to the Future Thus, teachers sometimes refrain from calling on Native American students to avoid causing them discomfort, and these children subsequently miss the opportunity to discuss or display their knowledge of the subject matter.

      So what should teachers do in this kind of cases? Each decision in class has its pros and cons, and do we just evaluate which one is the better option?

    3. "I don't want to hear it. Sit down, be quiet, and finish your work NOW!" Not only is this directive explicit, but with it the teacher also displays a high degree of personal power in the classroom. By contrast, many middle-class European-American teachers are likely to say something like, "Would you like to sit down now and finish your paper?",

      This is something really interesting. My parents-as Asian parents, would talk to me just like the black teachers, and the teachers do the same at school in China. So, for long I have been hoping that some one can actually respect me and talk to me like the European-American teachers. Probably because that in China we have the mindset that you must listen to the teachers, most of us wouldn't neglect the teacher's teachings no matter what tone they use.

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    1. Thus the strongest research evidence appears to indicate that money matters, in a variety of ways, for children's long-term success in schoo

      Money suggests recourses. Things kids can obtain, chances they can have and people they can meet. I had a former roommate who said that we come from different hierarchies, because her family income is more than 10 times of mine. I do see some difference between us, but I think the difference is not as big as the poverties and the riches. Middle class families can basically make sure that their children get enough resources. The richer families may hold better resources, but this is a gap that somehow not that big. The problem for now is how to give the kids from poverty families get the resources, no matter how good the resources are, I hope at least they can have the basic needs being met.

    2. poverty creates deficits in children that are long-lasting and very difficult to overcome.

      Not only poverty lacks their chances to do things they like, but also infects their physical health. Cognitive and behavior problems are even problems more than the therapist can help in a short term of time. They are long-lasting problems that hard to be cured for their whole life. But the situation is hard to change, I guess the best government can do is to provide free lunches to students and if possible, provide accommodation on school days.

  18. Mar 2022
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    1. School ass1gn1~· _ for students are based on local district or community residence;

      Student loans might give students a chance to go to college, but it is very different from not having to worry about it at all. The worry of tuition would make their school choice very limited. It is possible for them to give up a better chance to a private university and instead go to a state university with lower tuition

    2. At the core of debates over one policy or another has often been a con-flict between what is (or seems to be) good for the individual and what is good for the whole;

      This is an interesting topic, since the main idea of Chinese public education is for the good of the whole. China may have a good public school system in many cities, but we're still facing the fact that the resources are strongly tilted. Even for the whole, wealthier cities get better education and the conflict between better individual or better community doesn't matter after all.

    3. Unlike schooling in every other major industrialized country, public educaoo~ in this country is democratic and deeply local.

      This brings me the idea that if the students who went to college in these districts should receive scholarship with a requirement that they teach at schools where they come from for three years after graduation.

    4. The paradox lies in the fact that schools are supposed to equal-ize opportunities across generations and to create democratic citizens out of each generation, but people naturally wish to give their own children an ad-vantage in attaining wealth or power, and some can do it. When they do, every-one does not start equally, politically or economically. This circle cannot be squared

      We have a saying in China that " Don't let your kid loose at the scratch line." It is natural for people to use the resourced they obtain. It is fair for their hardworking, but unfair to the next generation's opportunities.

    1. where there is no one way to approach a subject-only multiple ways and multiple referen ces

      How can this be approached? Is it the block of different understandings to the same topic? Are we trying to give students the same concept in the end?

    2. Tbe sbaring of ideas and information does not always progress as quickly as it may in more bomogeneous settings. Often, professors and students bave to learn to accept different ways ofknowing, new epistemologies, in the multicultural setting

      Education not only happens in schools but also families and society. This is happening because people grow up from different environments and there might be many concepts for people to catch-up to each other.

    3. In Women's Stud-ies, for example, individuals will often focus on women of color at the very end of the semester or lump everything about race and difference together in on e section.

      This would not be successful as transformation, but just a propaganda. It is somehow useful, but a more strategical curriculum should be designed to really use it in class.

    4. The unwillingness to approach teaching from a standpoint that includes awareness o f race, sex, and class is often rooted in the fear that classrooms will be uncontrollable, that emotions and passions will not be contained. To some extent, we all know that whenever we address in the classroom subjects that stu-dents are passionate about there is always a possibility of con-frontation, forceful expression of ideas, or even conflict.

      I think in colleges and universities in higher education, the main focus would be on major, other than a standpoint that includes awareness of race and sex. I do believe this should be implanted in the education system far before college.

    5. intervene in this process by making it clear from the outset that experience does nat make one an expert, and perhaps even by explaining what it means to place someone in the role of "na-tive informant.

      Actually in my opinion, asking the Korean student for an answer might not be appropriate, but the experience that person has could be shared with the class. And this is one of the benefits that multicultural classrooms have. A more diverse background and experience could be engaged in class

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    1. She ended up at Norfolk State University because it was the only college to accept her applica-tion late.

      Of course, poor students would have a chance to do perfectly well and have their lives changed, but it is not mostly the cases for students. People are struggling with the most basic parts of college application because lack of help and experience.

    2. ► THE GREAT EQUALIZER? I2J database to begin receiving information directly from colleges, or been aware of the National Merit Scholarship-something I could look forward to in high school if I practiced the PSAT enough in my gifted program-if the opportunity had been absent in middle school. Lucky me? Does every middle school have the capacity to facilitate PSAT testing for its students in the lower grades? Does every middle school in economically blighted districts have highly qualified teachers who can teach college prepara-tory courses? Does every middle school employ counselors who can set each student on a trajectory toward college? No. Even less so in schools that serve poor children. This is how schools limit college admission for poor students and, in turn, mass social mobility much earlier than we realize. This is how schools structure inequality. "Borrow Money If You Have to From Your Parents": The Wealthy on Becoming Wealthy In the throes of his 2012 election-year bid for president, and deeply steeped in his own wealth, Mitt Romney issued a word of advice for young people about what it might take to be successful and wealthy. To contextualize his contribu-tion, he first offered the example of Jimmy John Liautaud, who borrowed a whopping $20,000 from his parents to begin his sandwich franchise, Jimmy John's. Romney then told students at Otterbein University that such opportuni-ties were afforded to them too. He encouraged-admonished-them: "Take a shot. Go for it. Take a risk. Get the education. Borrow money if you have to from your parents. Start a business." Just like that. By the time students-especially poor students-enter high school, one of the most crucial forms of cultural capital they will need is the ability to pay for . a college education.

      Student loans might give students a chance to go to college, but it is very different from not having to worry about it at all. The worry of tuition would make their school choice very limited. It is possible for them to give up a better chance to a private university and instead go to a state university with lower tuition

    3. ~en do students m the best schools take the PSAT (Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test)? What are the consequences of doin w II on the test? What is a National Meri_t Scholarship, and when do you begingto ~e considered for one? The answer? Middle school.

      It seems like something that students could figure out themselves by doing some research and decide themselves. But the fact is parents' or family members' help or experience could make a huge difference. The starting point is not only this generation, but also a competition between the previous generations

    4. purchase homes in a "good school dis-trict,,,

      This is something that I just experienced and I couldn't agree more. It is not hard to find the "good-school district" communities usually have higher house values and less diversified. It is not simply children from the wealthy family go to private schools and all the other children attend same public schools. There would be differences between how much a family is able and willing to pay for education, how much help can parents give to their kids too.