The other reason we sometimes go along with the crowd is that people are often a source ofinformation. Psychologists refer to this process as informational influence.
I find this very interesting. This could explain how people get their culture and part of their identity. For example, why people conform to toxic masculinity when it doesn't really benefit them.
Cultures differ greatly in their adherence to "clocktime". While some cultures pride themselves onmanaging time down to the second (the trains run ontime!), others have a more flexible view of when isthe right time for an event to begin or end.
This is interesting. This makes me think of the stereotype that black people show up late to places. I remember my sister telling me that Africans normally don't abide by time when it comes to meetings and that they just show up when they get there. It would be interesting if that is where that stereotype came from.
Theuniversalist camp claimed that, despite cultural differences in customs and traditions, at afundamental level all humans feel similarly. These universalists believed that emotions evolvedas a response to the environments of our primordial ancestors, so they are the same acrossall cultures. Indeed, people often describe their emotions as “automatic,” “natural,”“physiological,” and “instinctual,” supporting the view that emotions are hard-wired anduniversal.
I believe that everyone and every culture has the same emotions but everyone and every culture expresses them differently and infrequently. When I read this I think about how some children have to be taught some emotions like shame and guilt, so it's not for fetched to me that some culture that might focused on such emotions express more and in differently.
Accumulation: Cultural knowledge is cumulative. That is, information is “stored.” This meansthat a culture’s collective learning grows across generations. We understand more aboutthe world today than we did 200 years ago, but that doesn’t mean the culture from longago has been erased by the new. For instance, members of the Haida culture—a FirstNations people in British Columbia, Canada—profit from both ancient and modernexperiences. They might employ traditional fishing practices and wisdom stories while alsousing modern technologies and services.
People do generally think of culture as being passed down from generation to generation. I also think that culture can happen over a short period of time. For example, social media I would argue is a dominant culture nowadays and has only been around for a decade.
about them, and behavior toward them, especially nonverbal behavior (Greenwald, Poehlman,Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009). For example, although a job interviewer may not be “blatantlybiased,” his or her “automatic or implicit biases” may result in unconsciously acting distantand indifferent, which can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewee’s ability toperform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1973). Although this is unfair, sometimes the automaticassociations—often driven by society’s stereotypes—trump our own, explicit values (Devine,1989). And sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewerresources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). See Table 2 for a summary ofthis section and the next two sections on subtle biases.Ambiguous BiasesAs the IAT indicates, people’s biases oftenstem from the spontaneous tendency tofavor their own, at the expense of the other.Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy,& Flament, 1971) describes this tendencyto favor one’s own in-group over another’soutgroup. And as a result, outgroupdisliking stems from this in-group liking
Theory is interesting when thinking about it terms of how minorities view themselves. Minorities almost don't have a choice but to favor their own culture because they can't really take part in the majorities without being treated as less than.
Second, benevolent sexism refers to the perception that womenneed to be protected, supported, and adored by men.
This reminds we of what we discussed in class last. My group talked about how women are perceived and treated as victims.
Genderschema theory argues that children areactive learners who essentially socializethemselves. In this case, children activelyorganize others’ behavior, activities, andattributes into gender categories, which areknown as schemas.
I think this is possibly an explanation for the why how we identify ourselves. Because children are active learners they can decide for themselves what gender they are.
Many domains we assume differ across genders are really based on gender stereotypes andnot actual differences. Based on large meta-analyses, the analyses of thousands of studiesacross more than one million people, research has shown: Girls are not more fearful, shy, orscared of new things than boys; boys are not more angry than girls and girls are not moreemotional than boys; boys do not perform better at math than girls; and girls are not moretalkative than boys
This paragraph is great because it adds validity to what most people want to believe about genders, in that, the two aren't as different as people believe and should be treated as such.
More recent data showthat murder rates in Europe have decreased dramatically since the Middle Ages. For example,estimated murders in England dropped from 24 per 100,000 in the 14th century to 0.6 per100,000 by the early 1960s. The major decline in violence occurred in the 17th century duringthe “Age of Reason,” which began in the Netherlands and England and then spread to otherEuropean countries. Global violence has also steadily decreased since the middle of the 20thcentury.
I believe this is due to the changing nature of war and law enforcement. Not only is their fewer wars now a days but also battle are fought differently now. Now there is less troops on the ground and more drones fighting. There is also fewer murders because it's harder to get away with. New technology like DNA and surveillance has made it harder for criminals to get away with murder.
The nature of the help needed plays a crucial role in determining what happens next.Specifically, potential helpers engage in a cost–benefit analysis before getting involved(Dovidio et al., 2006). If the needed help is of relatively low cost in terms of time, money,resources, or risk, then help is more likely to be given. Lending a classmate a pencil is easy;confronting the knife-wielding assailant who attacked Kitty Genovese is an entirely differentmatter. As the unfortunate case of Hugo Alfredo Tale-Yax demonstrates, intervening may costthe life of the helper.
People use this every single day in multiple situations. When deciding to do homework, to help somebody, or to take part in an activity. We all have to constantly weigh or options.
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I've always thought this was interesting. People do tend to not do anything because others don't. It's like people just conform to other's actions. This phenomenon reminds me of the saying evil only happens when good people choose to do nothing.
Because autism is a developmental disorder, it is particularly important to diagnose and treatASD early in life. Early deficits in attention to biological motion, for instance, derail subsequentexperiences in attending to higher level social information, thereby driving developmenttoward more severe dysfunction and stimulating deficits in additional domains of functioning,such as language development. The lack of reliable predictors of the condition during the firstyear of life has been a major impediment to the effective treatment of ASD. Without earlypredictors, and in the absence of a firm diagnosis until behavioral symptoms emerge,treatment is often delayed for two or more years, eclipsing a crucial period in whichintervention may be particularly successful in ameliorating some of the social andcommunicative impairments seen in ASD
I find this part very interesting because I have two cousins who on the spectrum. My blood cousin is about 10 years old and not only was diagnosed early and parents is heavily involved in their learning. My step mother's nephew is 18 years old got diagnosed a little latter later and parents are not heavily involved. the difference between the two is mind blowing. You would not be able to tell the 9 year old is on the spectrum just from casually interacting with him versus the 18 year old who acts like a five year old. These two represent to me the importance of early detection and prevention.
People respond negatively when their need to belong is unfulfilled. For example, collegestudents often feel homesick and lonely when they first start college, but not if they belongto a cohesive, socially satisfying group (Buote et al., 2007). People who are accepted membersof a group tend to feel happier and more satisfied. But should they be rejected by a group,they feel unhappy, helpless, and depressed. Studies of ostracism—the deliberate exclusionfrom groups—indicate this experience is highly stressful and can lead to depression, confusedthinking, and even aggression (Williams, 2007). When researchers used a functional magneticresonance imaging scanner to track neural responses to exclusion, they found that peoplewho were left out of a group activity displayed heightened cortical activity in two specific areasof the brain—the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula. These areas of thebrain are associated with the experience of physical pain sensations (Eisenberger, Lieberman,& Williams, 2003). It hurts, quite literally, to be left out of a group.
I agree with these statements about how ostracism can cause stress and depression. On a larger scale, reading this made me think of discrimination. Discrimination is the mistreatment of a group of people. This comes about because a group of people were ostracized by another group of people.