• There was no difference between these two groups

• What's important is that you review it regularly, but the feedback doesn't have to be immediate as long as we take the time to learn from the feedback

• Studying in how you're going to be tested is beneficial; otherwise, it wouldn't translate well

• Turn the learning objectives into questions and answer them

• When studying flashcards, say it out loud or write it down so you'll be able to identify the error

• More time you spend studying something, the better you'll learn it

• Anesthesia doesn't resemble sleep since the general feeling of passing time doesn't appear after waking up from anathesia

• Zero evident otherwise

• Kids who consume violent media tend to display aggressive behaviour, but this is only a correlational relationship

• Not a very strong relationship

• People who don't consume violent media have less physiological response to it

• However, it's also possible that people who have a weak response to violent media have watched it so regularly that they've become desensitized to it

Behavior -> What do I expect to happen as a result of a specific behavior

• You need to pay attention to what is happening to the person
• You have to maintain that punishment in memory
• You have to repeat that behaviour when you're motivated to do so
• Reinforcement is affecting motivation the most

• Telling people that they're going to be given a big rewards influences their behaviour

• When we know we're going to be rewarded, we act differently

• Rewarded based on the amount of responses and it increases responses
• Immune to extinction

• Hinders drug-addiction recovery because the context is still fresh in the one's mind

• Eg. Gives you dopamine rush

• Bigger rewards > smaller rewards

• Are you able to access the reward even if you don't do the behaviour?
• Eg. We still need to feed dogs which is why food is not good for reinforcement

• How quickly after the behavior the reward can be received
• Eg. Obedient classes and treat

• How full someone has of something they have Eg. Thanksgiving treat after dinner after doing chores

• Refers to the opportunity value of engaging in an activity
• The ability to do something is reinforcing behaviour, even when you don't actually plan on doing the behaviour

• We learn this reinforcer through conditioning Eg. Social status(eg. promotion), grades
• Used much more than secondary since the use of the former is inhumane

• Fulfill biological needs Eg. Fulfillment of food and sustenance, warmth(shelter, clothing, etc.), sleep, sex, etc.
• Praise is debatable -> We can live without it, but the absence of it has detrimental consequences in children's development

• Learn precursor behaviour from the deliverer of the punishment Eg. Avoid the person doing the punishment even when the behavior is committed which means the behavior continues

• Run away from the punishment; not effective in this case

• Not recommended by psychologists due to being consequential

• Negative reinforcement

• Taking something away to increase the probability of a behavior occurring Eg. Absolving a child the responsibility of doing chores if they're nice to their siblings

• Often confused with positive reinforcement

• • Negative punishment 2.

• Positive reinforcement
• Not synonymous with good and bad but refers to addition and subtraction in regards to the situation

• Increases the possibility of a behaviour continuing Eg. Rewarding a kid a piece of candy for being nice to their friends

• Positive punishment

• Decreasing the probability of a behaviour occurring

• Centered around behaviours and consequences
• We are not aware of this happening in most cases

• Two stimuli become associated and we develop a conditioned response to that association

• Happens to people who regularly use psychotic drugs
• Individuals get a conditioned response to their environment and can contribute to drug tolerance. At the extreme, it contributes to overdose when individuals use drugs in different settings

• Cases of regular drug users
• Happens unintentionally around the use of the drugs
• Refers to the context which the drugs are used

• Has the capacity to be entwined with other crimes such as extortion

• Intensifies amid the rise of ais

• Only 18 of them in Canada

• They're mainly held in Ontario and Quebec but have connections to more than 10 countries

• They're very violent

• Active in the private business sector where they commit money laundering

• Force or threats are used to obtain money

Eg. Co-op extortion 1. Perpetrator threatened to release sensitive data to the public if certain demands weren't made

• Money is obtained illegally but is disguised as legit

• 30% of OCGs are involved in money laundering

• 40 billion dollars is laundered annually in Canada

• The crime of stealing intellectual property and distributing them either for a reduced price or for free

• Eg. Zlibrary

• Causes financial consequences to the movie producer and its promoter and other associated with the production of the movie

• What would be the difference between piracy and buying something and selling it at a thrifting site at a reduced price?

• Manga mura

• Happens frequently in social media
• Professionals or experts who collect loans at extremely high rates to clients, by means of threats and violence
• You can still experience loan sharking even in legitimate places(eg. payday)

• 30% are believed to be involved in money laundering activities

• One of the means in which OCGs launder money is through coercing or recruiting external professionals such as lawyers

• Over 300 OCGs are involved in the meth market
• These OCGs produce meth domestically and internationally
• Meth superlabs are dominant in BC, Quebec, and Ontario

• Over 200+ OCGs engage in fentanyl drug markets

• Canadian Illicit Fentanyl Labs gain their chemicals from China or Mexico and distribute their own chemicals domestically and internationally

• Very violent; in fact, out of all organized crime groups, they're the ones who are the most likely to commit violence to fulfill their own interests or the interests of other organized groups who contract them(eg. mafia)

• Constantly changing as some are becoming more formal groups

• The crime of using force to obtain a desired object, typically money

• Sextortion: The use of fake profiles in dating apps or pornographic sites to lure an unsuspecting individual to a relationship or make them commit sexual acts.

• Often characterized by threat as the perpetrator threatens to post the sexual videos to the public to coerce the survivor to complying with their demands

*The illegal importing of fake products disguising as certain brands

• A subset of this crime is currency counterfeiting, which involves the illegal importing of fake money

• The process wherein the illegal acquisition of money is disguised to conceal its illicit origins and thus becomes "legitimate"

• 2015 -> Volkswagen selling diesel cars as environmentally friendly and fuel efficient which caused high levels of air pollution

• Weiwei incident

• Unlike theft, robbery involves stealing a property while a victim is involved, but the distinction is left to the police

• Fraud example -> Scam emails that asks for our personal information

• Another example of fraud is ponzi's scam

• Wayfair was accused of smuggling children and selling them on the market, but it's not grounded in credible evidence

• 2020

• Happened for the protection of sex workers, but forced them to go to underground sex-work

• Prevented easier screener in part of the sex worker

• Eg. Chemical dependency, grooming through a false sense of love and obligation, etc.

• Exploits the human need for connection, even when there's exploitation and abuse involved

• Stockholm syndrome -> Captive develops a bond with their captor as a defense mechanism under extreme defense

• Trafficking involves trafficking transporting people to another country without their consent, for the purpose of forcing them to be involved in sex trades or in forced labour

• What, why, and how are the three elements of human trafficking

• Smuggling involves transporting people to another country consensuallly, often by means of coercion and deception.

• Smuggling victims are often involved due to unsafe environments in their home country and seeking a better help elsewhere

• Engaging in collective behavior for mutual benefit
• Eg. Challenger Explosion in 1986 ->

• Perpetrated by the government, individuals in the government, or an individual in the government
• Eg. War crimes Real life example: Residential schools of Canada
• State crimes occur mostly for money

• Business-relate crime such as stealing money from employer -> Embezzlement
• Eg. Ponzi scheme -> Taking advantage of people in what seems to be a legitimate business

• Group of organization or individuals in that organization engages in illegal acts
• Eg. bribing, insider trading
• Real life example: Jordan Belfort who commited stock price fixing

• We are able to multitask on activities that are familar to us, when we have enough time to engage in our activitity, and when we're able to, for example, walk and listen to music -> However, we're always unskilled at these activities

• Eg. Writing, visual and spatial activities, etc.

• No age variations in these tasks

• Two sensory modalities hinders our attention

• Attention is like the beaker -> It can only be divided so much
• Attention fails when we try to do too much simultaneously

• Activities mirror traffic -> tasks that are new to us causes a chaotic traffic where zipper merge is nonexistent

• Meaning/perceptual analysis precedes the filtering out of information -> We put certain informaton into short-term memory in terms of how important they are to us

• We use a combination of these attention models

• In step 2, instead of completly omitting the information, we have the capacity to lower down that information as though we're reducing the volume of a television

• Is able to explain the cocktail party phenomenon

• Eg. A situation where, even though you're talking to a friend, you orient to a sound of someone calling your name -> If Broadbent's model was true, the sound of our name would've been filtered out

• An interpretation of why we're only able to capture certain information but not all

• Individuals are unskilled at both activities

• Differs from multitasking in the sense that you have to do two tasks at the same time, unlike multitasking when you're able to alternate between tasks
• Eg. Elderly individuals having to walk while doing a verbal activity at the same time to test their balance

A way of examining attention

• Even when other stimuli are outside the spotlight, we would still be able to notice it -> We don't pay attention to them unless they capture our attention

• Eg. We have attention allocated to driving, scrolling on a phone, etc. However, attention is scarce and will not be allocated so that we're able to respond to everything in our environment

Due to our limited attention, we must distribute it equally

*Most activities that involve cognitive abilities involved requires a process called attention -> decision-making, judging, etc.

• The monster serves as a warning to abstain from forbidden acts lest you want to be killed by the monster or become a monster yourself -> Serves to protect the status quo

• For example, monsters are used to prevent people from inbreeding; incest

• The monster challenges categories; resistance to easy categorization empowers the monster to escape

• A common theme of monster literature is scientists' obsession with capturing the monster to study and categorize it but always evades capture

• In other words, the monster is always a reflection of its time
• The representation of a monster is in flux
• Zombies as a metaphor of colonial fear of slave uprising -> stemmed from Haitian minds -> Changes into a critic of consumerism in Romero's film Dawn of the dead
• Shifted into post 9/11 fear of outsider invasion

-- They believe that a catastrophe is about to occur that will wipe out the world, and the only salvation is through membership and conformity to the group's teaching

Members have commonalities

Could this be a sign that movements as these encourage familial alienation?