If students don’t have these opportunities to “choose, do, review” their way to expert learning, they will become what Zaretta Hammond has coined as “dependent learners.” Dependent learners are overly reliant on the teacher to carry the load of cognitive tasks and are unsure of how to tackle new tasks because they aren’t given opportunities to learn how to be expert learners.
In my opinion, "dependent learner" lacks self-help learning. They will only complete the tasks assigned by others, rather than see what they want to learn, which is very detrimental to students' creativity and learning ability. This reminds me of when I took the TOFEL exam, my teacher said why Chinese students do well in listening and reading, but sometimes there is a big gap between the oral part and the writing part. I think innovation and self-learning ability are the most critical for students.