- Apr 2024
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learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com
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transhistorical and global phenomenon, suchterms not only imply a homogenizing vision of colonialism but also suggestthat colonialism was a coherent imposition, implyin
Unitary Understanding of Colonialism: The prevalent perception of colonialism is criticized for being characterized in unitary and essentialized terms. This implies a homogenizing vision of colonialism, suggesting that it was a coherent imposition dominating and assimilating the colonized. This view also suggests that colonial discourse operated identically across colonized spaces and throughout time. Criticism of Colonial Discourse Theory: Benita Parry criticizes colonial discourse theory for retaining undifferentiated identity categories of colonialism, aligning with the postulates of colonial discourse. She argues that coercion cannot wholly determine the range of possible subject positions. Agency and Resistance: Critics emphasize the need to recognize indigenous resistance against colonialism and reinstate the subjectivity of the colonized. There's a concern that prevailing understandings of colonial discourse deny the sovereignty and autonomy of the colonized. Historicizing and Pluralizing Colonialism: Scholars like Nicholas Thomas emphasize historicizing and pluralizing colonialism, highlighting its complexity, variation in different contexts, and internal contradictions within colonial projects. Diverse Articulations of Colonialism: Robert Young critiques the idea of colonial discourse as a general category, pointing to historical differences between colonial practices, such as French assimilationist colonialism versus British indirect rule. Hybridity and Ambivalence: Young acknowledges the usefulness of concepts like hybridity and ambivalence in understanding colonial discourse's differential articulations and complexities. These concepts allow for recognizing the simultaneous repetition and subversion of colonialism. Avoiding Essentialism: The text warns against falling into essentialism when critiquing colonial discourse theory. It argues that essentialism inheres in binary opposition, and simply reversing binaries may not disrupt the essentializing gesture. In essence, the text grapples with the challenge of theorizing colonialism and colonial discourse in ways that avoid oversimplification and essentialism, while still acknowledging historical specificity and the complexities of power dynamics.
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The question of the legitimacy of employing colonial dis-course or the colonized as a general category in dealing with a diversifiedand heterogeneous phenomenon such as colonialism has been raised quitefrequently in the studies of colonial discour
colonial discourse or the colonized as a general category in dealing with a diverse henomeon such as colonialsim has been raised in the studies of colonial discourse
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habha's analysi
Said's Analysis of Orientalism: Said's work highlights how Orientalism, the Western depiction and understanding of the East, is intertwined with sexuality. He acknowledges the sexual dimensions in representations of the Orient by Western writers like Flaubert but admits the limits of his analysis in fully addressing this aspect. Critique of Said's Approach: The text critiques Said for not delving deeper into the sexual and unconscious dimensions of Orientalism, which are crucial to understanding its formation and impact. It suggests that by treating sexuality as a separate issue, Said's analysis fails to grasp the integral role it plays in Orientalist discourse. Bhabha's Contribution: Bhabha's approach complements Said's by incorporating psychoanalytic theory to analyze colonial discourse. He explores how colonial representations of cultural difference are intertwined with sexual difference, using the concept of fetishism to elucidate this connection. Fetishism in Colonial Discourse: Bhabha adapts Freudian concepts like fetishism to colonial discourse, arguing that it reflects a contradictory belief structure similar to sexual fetishism. He highlights how colonial discourse operates through ambivalence, simultaneously affirming sameness and acknowledging difference. Limitations of Bhabha's Analysis: While Bhabha's approach is innovative, the text notes its limitations, particularly in fully addressing the question of sexuality. Bhabha's focus on cultural difference somewhat sidelines the discussion of sexual difference, leaving it relatively unexamined. Overall, the text emphasizes the intertwined nature of sexuality and Orientalism, critiques Said for not fully addressing this aspect, and highlights Bhabha's contribution in integrating psychoanalytic theory to better understand colonial discours
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n other words, the question of sexuality cannot be treated as aregional one; it governs an
!
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The utilization ofimages of woman and images of sexuality in Orientalist discourse is treatedas a trope limited to the representation of Oriental woman and of sexuality.In other words, neither the images of woman nor the images of sexual-ity are understood as important aspects of the way Orientalist discourse isCambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511583445.002 Published online by Cambridge University Press
oritentalism and sexualiaty said stellt es als sub domain da,
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Orientalism is characterized in discrete terms: it is a topic of learning anda site of dreams; it has both a manifest (stated knowledges about the Orient)and latent content (an unconscious positivity); it is also characterized bysynchronic essentialism (making the Orient synonymous with stability andunchanging eternality) and diachronic forms of history (recognition of thepossibility of instability which suggests change, growth, decline and move-ment in the Orient).
beste definition von oritalims und alle die elemente die darinspieolen
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atent structure thatOrientalism achieves its doctrinal and doxological character, its everyday-ness and natural-ness, its taken-for-granted authority.
laten structure was macht sie.
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. Manifest Orientalism is "thevarious stated views about Oriental society, languages, literatures, history,sociology and so forth," whereas latent Orientalism refers to "an almostunconscious (and certainly an untouchable) positivity."33 Thus latentOrientalism reflects the site of the unconscious, where dreams, images,desires, fantasies and fears reside. Orientalism, then, simultaneously refersto the production of a systematic knowledge and to the site of the uncon-scious - desires and fantasies; it signifies how the "Orient" is at once anobject of knowledge and an object of desir
unterscheidung zwischen Manifest Orientalism and latent Orientalism.
latent is unconscious desires and fantasies
Orietnalims is its knowledge and desire
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bout theorizing agency as outside Orientalist dis-course become simply untenable. I will discuss this point further in chapter2. But now let me turn to the discussion of binarism that seems to be oneof the major weaknesses in Said's analysi
Judith Butler's Critique: Butler challenges the traditional understanding of the body as an extra-discursive object, arguing that it is constructed through discourse. She asserts that referring to the body presupposes delimiting it within discourse, thereby forming it through discourse itself. Butler sees materiality as an effect of power, emphasizing that the body's materialization is a result of citation and accumulation of regulatory norms over time. Agency and Resistance: Critics argue that constructivist views diminish agency by suggesting determinism. Butler counters by asserting that agency lies in appropriating or rearticulating regulatory norms, implying the potential to produce them differently. She suggests that reiteration of norms doesn't lead to determinism but opens up spaces for resistance, as it exposes instabilities in constructions, allowing for the escape or exceeding of norms. Orientalism and Discursive Construction: Said's analysis of Orientalism is critiqued for allegedly neglecting agency and counter-histories. However, redefining Orientalist discourse as a constitutive practice challenges this criticism. Orientalism is seen not just as constraining or distorting but also as actively constituting subjectivity, enabling resistance to colonial power. The discursive constitution of subjects doesn't imply total pacification but also entails an enabling process. Binaries in Said's Analysis: The passage concludes by suggesting that one of the weaknesses in Said's analysis is its reliance on binaries. Said's portrayal of Orientalism in totalizing terms overlooks its enabling aspects, leading to criticisms about the negation of agency. However, understanding Orientalist discourse as constitutive undermines the notion of theorizing agency outside of it. Overall, the passage explores how discursive constitution shapes our understanding of the body and subjects, challenges deterministic views, and redefines Orientalism as a constitutive practice that both constrains and enables agency.
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uisticism, then we should entertain the possibility that themateriality of the Orient is indistinguishable from the essentializing dis-course of Orientalism.
Lösung der Kritik: the possibility thar the materiality of the rient is ununterscheidbar von the essentialiszing disocurse of orientalism.
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Orient" is just a representation, if he also wantsto claim that "Orientalism" provided the necessary knowledge for theactual colonial conquest."24Young's critique does not seem to be well taken, for in attempting to over-come the dualistic account which characterizes Said's analysis, he himselfdevelops another dualism, that of between reality and
beste zusammenfassung von der kritik
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nd, he argues that the knowledge produced in andby Orientalism was put in the service of colonial conquest. These two argu-ments, according to Young, contradict each other, for, if Said wants toclaim that Orientalism as a body of knowledge be
contradiction nochmal kritisiuert vin Young dieses mal
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he mental character of discourse. According to Laclau and Mouffe, tosuggest that the object of discourse is constituted does not imply a rejec-tion of the materialist idea that there is a world external to thought. Nordoes this thesis have anything to do with the opposition between realismand idealism - a trap which Said seems to fall into. What Laclau andMouffe contest is not that there are objects existing in the world, but theassumption that "they could constitute themselves as objects outside anydiscursive condition of emergence."23 Hence, with a restricted notion oflanguage, Said's analysis is bound to consider Orientalist discourse as acollection of images and ideas about the Orient, having no real efficacy inthe construction of its materiality or the Orientalness of the Orient. Suchan understanding runs counter to his continual emphasis on the "creation"and "constitution" or t
weiter diese kritikpunkt. ist es jetzt kriert oder nicht?
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tion to the nature of the relation Said establishes between repre-sentation, knowledge, and power.
relationship between representation, knowledge and power.
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age with. As I men-tioned above, on the one hand he argues that Orientalism "creates" theOrient and on the other hand he cautions us not to conclude that the Orientis just an idea, with no corresponding reality.
wiedersprüchlich dabei manchmal. Oreint ist eien kreation aber er sagt nicht dass es nur eine idea ohne correspondierende realität ist.
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Said's position vacillates between accepting something called"the real Orient" and regarding "the Orient" as the construct of a question-able mental operation.15 It is to these contradictory methodological posi-tions that I want to turn now.
es ist kein misunderstadning keine misrepresentation of the truth of the orient. Becasue there. is no real or tru orient. . Dieese kategorien sind formations of power. Es geht ihm um den process insitutionnn parctises and discourss in dnen oriental identity geformt wird.
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Said suggests that the effect ofOrientalist discourse is "to formulate the Orient, to give it shape, identity,definition with full recognition of its place in memory, its importance toimperial strategy, and its 'natural' role as an appendage to Europe
give the orient shape identitiy and imperial stategy , natural role as an appendage to Europe!
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Foucault's notion of power
definition Power: against notion of power in a narrow sense; (power effecrs negative or repressive) er und Foucault sagen power also productiove in knowledge and sicourse production. it produces effects of truth
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is "fabricated" in theservice of colonial power.
orientalsim as discoursive regime is fabricated in the service of colonial power.
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xample, Lata Mani and Ruth Frankenberg argue that Said'sdefinition of Orientalism alludes to the "complicity between Orientalismand imperialism" and how "Orientalism has informed and shaped the colo-nial enterprise."2 Likewise, Robert Young, by referring to Orientalism'sclose ties with enabling socioeconomic and political institutions of coloni-alism, argues that Said's analysis demonstrates how Orientalism "justifiedcolonialism in advance as w
orientalism and imperialism are complicit. essentializing and dichotomoizig discourse of orientalism functions as... ekement of colonial domination
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eak period of colonialism, Said extends MichelFoucault's concept of power/knowledge nexus t
power/knowledg enexus is extended by said originally foucault
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- Jan 2023
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inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
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Situated Knowled
um die ungerichtigkeit ermut zu bekämpfen: brauchen wir einigermaßen reliabnle description of the owlrd: aber auch der andere seite kan nicht alles konstrultivistisch sein weil wir müssen auch mal realitäten fixieren. Entweder ist die welt radikal konstruiert oder nicht das ist das erkentnisstheoretische problem
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ent for situated and embodied knowledges andan argument against vari
situated knowledge angelkeht das ganze projetk von ihr
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