land

ecogniz

His mother pretended to be greatly horrified

average Dakota woman did not indulge in confessions or confidences with other women,or in minute analyses regarding her married life

A new trial for his conduct, he has contended, must take place in federal court.

I cannot

WHEREASre-solution'san aceof analyzing and re-structuring complexideas into simplerones so I placea black bracketon either side ofan [idea] I cordon itco safety awayfrom national re-solution the threatof re-ductive[thinking]:

ndianhealth care is guaranteed by treaty but at the clinic limited funds don't allow treatment be-yond a filling.

None was barred from thiscommon prayer because of tribal differences.

Isn’t it funny, cousin?” Prairie Flower asked. “I know what they are saying, and yet itsounds different.

They had never been far from the camp circle before.

280 c h a p t E r 8Several analysts found Rehnquist’s evidence of single-minded USopposition to tribal jurisdiction unfairly selective

At oral argument in Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, lawyers faced eight of theSupreme Court justices who sat for this 1976 portrait.

same week

hirty-eight Dakota men were subsequently hanged

Deloria had little idea that shewould devote her life to an ethnological description of Sioux peoples,

She always felt that if she could explain Indians to white people and white people toIndians, the future of Indians might be less rocky and discriminatory

Under settled law, it may not.

Today, we decline to project redress for theTribe into the present and future, thereby disrupting thegovernance of central New York’s counties and town

“from at-risk to A.P.,”

It’s not enough to use “standards-based” grading.

There is certainly value in assessing the quality of learning and teaching, but that doesn’t mean it’s always necessary, or even possible, to measure those things — that is, to turn them into numbers.  Indeed, “measurable outcomes may be the least significant results of learning”

obvious answer is that the colonizer cannot conceive of undoing colonization in a meaningfulway.

Most Indian lawyers love trust land. The notion of trust land kinda sorta comes from thesame thinking that gave us Johnson v. McIntosh.

btwn two white ladies in buttery shawls as they pass a display case of"traditional" garb from one tribe or another it doesn't really matter

In fact, the grants were as big or bigger than major cities, andwere often located hundreds or even thousands of miles away from theirbeneficiaries.Kalen Goodluck/High Country NewsNiles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California.PARCEL ID: CA210040S0010W0SN020AE½SWALINDIGENOUS CARETAKERS: Chap-pah-sim; Co-to-plan-e-nee; I-o-no-hum-ne; Sage-womnee; Su-ca-ah; We-chil-laOWNERSHIP TRANSFER METHOD: Seized by unratified treaty, May 28, 1851GRANTED TO: State of AlabamaFOR THE BENEFIT OF: Auburn UniversityAMOUNT PAID FOR INDIGENOUS TITLE: $0AMOUNT RAISED FOR UNIVERSITY: $72.01Today, these acres form the landscape of the United States. On Morrill Actlands there now stand churches, schools, bars, baseball diamonds, parkinglots, hiking trails, billboards, restaurants, vineyards, cabarets, hayfields,gas stations, airports and residential neighborhoods. In California, landseized from the Chumash, Yokuts and Kitanemuk tribes by unratifiedtreaty in 1851 became the property of the University of California and isnow home to the Directors Guild of America.In Missoula, Montana, aWalmart Supercenter sits on land originally ceded by the Pend d’Oreille,Salish and Kootenai to fund Texas A&M. In Washington, Duwamish landtransferred by treaty benefited Clemson University and is now home to theFort Lawton Post military cemetery. Meanwhile, the Duwamish remainunrecognized by the federal government, despite signing a treaty with theUnited States.Recent investigations into universities’ ties to slavery provide blueprintsfor institutions to reconsider their histories. Land acknowledgementsfurnish mechanisms to recognize connections to Indigenousdispossession. Our data challenges universities to re-evaluate thefoundations of their success by identifying nearly every acre obtained andsold, every land seizure or treaty made with the land’s Indigenouscaretakers, and every dollar endowed with profits from dispossession.“Unquestionably, the history of land-grant universities intersects with thatof Native Americans and the taking of their lands,” said the Association ofPublic and Land-Grant Universities in a written statement. “While wecannot change the past, land-grant universities have and will continue tobe focused on building a better future for everyone.”Kalen Goodluck/High Country NewsFort Lawton Post Cemetery, Seattle, Washington.PARCEL ID: WA330250N0030E0SN150AN½NESCINDIGENOUS CARETAKERS: Duwamish; SuquamishOWNERSHIP TRANSFER METHOD: Ceded by treaty, Jan. 22, 1855GRANTED TO: State of South CarolinaFOR THE BENEFIT OF: Clemson University and South Carolina State UniversityAMOUNT PAID FOR INDIGENOUS TITLE: $3.91AMOUNT RAISED FOR UNIVERSITY: $58.06A SIMPLE IDEAFew years have mattered more in the history of U.S. real estate than 1862.In May, Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, which offeredfarmland to settlers willing to occupy it for five years. Six weeks later camethe Pacific Railway Act, which subsidized the Transcontinental Railroadwith checkerboard-shaped grants. The very next day, on July 2, 1862,Lincoln signed “An Act donating Public Lands to the several States andTerritories which may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture andthe Mechanic Arts.” Contemporaries called it the Agricultural College Act.Historians prefer the Morrill Act, after the law’s sponsor.The legislation marked the federal government’s first major foray intofunding for higher education. The key building blocks were already there; afew agricultural and mechanical colleges existed, as did severaluniversities with federal land grants. But the Morrill Act combined the twoon a national scale. The idea was simple: Aid economic development bybroadening access to higher education for the nation’s farmhands andindustrial classes.“In the North, we are at the heyday of industrializationand the maturing of American capitalism, and the landgrant, like other kind of acts — the Homestead Act orthe creation of the Department of Agriculture — any ofthese type of activities that happen during this time,are really part of an effort in creating this modernapparatus for the state,” said Nathan Sorber, author ofthe book Land-Grant Colleges and Popular Revolt.“Land-grant institutions can be understood as part ofan effort to modernize the economy.”The original mission was to teach the latest inagricultural science and mechanical arts, “so it hadthis kind of applied utilitarian vibe to it,” said Sorber. But the act’s wordingwas flexible enough to allow classical studies and basic science, too. Withthe nation in the midst of the Civil War, it also called for instruction inmilitary tactics.Map by Margaret Pearce for High Country NewsThe act promised states between 90,000 and 990,000 acres, based on thesize of their congressional delegation. In order to claim a share, they had toagree to conserve and invest the principal. Eastern states that had no landin the public domain, as well as Southern and some Midwestern states,received vouchers — known at the time as scrip — for the selection ofWestern land. Western states chose parcels inside their borders, as didterritories when they achieved statehood. The funds raised were eitherentrusted to universities or held by states.Like so many other U.S. land laws, the text of the Morrill Act left outsomething important: the fact that these grants depended ondispossession. That went without saying: Dubiously acquired Indigenousland was the engine driving the growing nation’s land economy.“You can point to every treaty where there’s some kind of fraud, wherethere’s some kind of coercion going on, or they’re taking advantage of someextreme poverty or something like that so they can purchase the land atrock bottom prices,” said Jameson Sweet (Lakota/Dakota), assistantprofessor in the Department of American Studies at Rutgers University.“That kind of coercion and fraud was always present in every treaty.”Hundreds of treaties, agreements and seizuresbulked up the U.S. public domain. Aftersurveyors carved it up into tidy tracts of realestate, settlers, speculators, corporations andstates could step in as buyers or grantees,grabbing pieces according to various federallaws.The first to sign on for a share of the MorrillAct’s bounty was Iowa in 1862, assigning theland to what later became Iowa StateUniversity. Another 33 states followed during that decade, and 13 more didso by 1910. Five states split the endowment, mostly in the South, whereseveral historically Black colleges became partial beneficiaries.Demonstrating its commitment to the separate but equal doctrine,Kentucky allocated 87% of its endowment to white students at theUniversity of Kentucky and 13% to Black students at Kentucky StateUniversity.Not every state received land linked to the Morrill Act of 1862. Oklahomareceived an agricultural college grant through other laws, located primarilyon Osage and Quapaw land cessions. Alaska got some agricultural collegeland via pre-statehood laws, while Hawai‘i received a cash endowment fora land-grant college.HCN tracked down and mapped all of the grants tied to the Morrill Act andoverlaid them on Indigenous land-cession areas in a geographicinformation system. The results reveal the violence of dispossession onland-grant university ledgers.Kalen Goodluck/High Country NewsDirectors Guild of America, West Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.PARCEL ID: CA270010S0140W0SN080ASECAINDIGENOUS CARETAKERS: Buena Vista; Car-I-se; Cas-take; Hol-mi-uk; Ho-lo-cla-me; Se-na-hu-ow; So-ho-nut; Te-jon; To-ci-a; UvaOWNERSHIP TRANSFER METHOD: Seized by unratified treaty, June 10, 1851GRANTED TO: State of CaliforniaFOR THE BENEFIT OF: University of CaliforniaAMOUNT PAID FOR INDIGENOUS TITLE: $0AMOUNT RAISED FOR UNIVERSITY: $786.74Kalen Goodluck/High Country NewsCornfields, Adams, Nebraska.PARCEL ID: NE060050N0080E0SN290ANEOHINDIGENOUS CARETAKERS: Kansas (Kaw Nation)OWNERSHIP TRANSFER METHOD: Ceded by treaty, June 3, 1825GRANTED TO: State of OhioFOR THE BENEFIT OF: Ohio State UniversityAMOUNT PAID FOR INDIGENOUS TITLE: $0.93AMOUNT RAISED FOR UNIVERSITY: $88.79Kalen Goodluck/High Country NewsPrivate residence in Merced, California.PARCEL ID: CA210070S0130E0SN250ANEMAINDIGENOUS CARETAKERS: Ko-ya-te; New-chow-we;Pal-wis-ha; Po-ken-well; Wack-sa-che; Wo-la-si; Ya-wil-chineOWNERSHIP TRANSFER METHOD: Seized by unratified treaty, May 30, 1851GRANTED TO: State of MassachusettsFOR THE BENEFIT OF: University of Massachusetts and MITAMOUNT PAID FOR INDIGENOUS TITLE: $0AMOUNT RAISED FOR UNIVERSITY: $103.09We reconstructed approximately10.7 million acres taken fromnearly 250 tribes, bands andcommunities through over 160violence-backed land cessions, alegal term for the giving up ofterritory.MENU SUBSCRIBE THE MAGAZINE DONATE NOW TWITTERINSTAGRAMFACEBOOKSEARCH