Oleg moved his capital to the much older nearby city, Kyiv (Ukraine), after murdering its rulers (who may also at that time have been Varangians).
Oleg took control of Kyiv by killing its rulers, showing how the Rus used violence to gain power.
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Charlemagne also helped establish a single Latin Church from Ireland to Croatia, and to standardize education around a network of monasteries where scholars learned Latin (required of all priests and monks) and a course of study known as the Trivium (grammar, logic, rhetoric) and the Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy).
Charlemagne wanted to unify the church and education so that priests and monks across Europe learned the same things.
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This was the first time a pope had crossed the Alps to visit what is now France, and marks an early example of the church becoming involved in European politics.
This shows how the church was starting to get involved in European politics.
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The Abbasids entered their "Golden Age" in the late 700s under Harun al-Rashid, who established diplomatic relations with Charlemagne in Europe.
Why did Harun al-Rashid want to establish relations with Charlemagne?
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- Sep 2025
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The succeeding culture, named after its own distinctive pottery style, the Bell Beaker, has been discovered to be about 70% Yamnaya in its ancestry. Percentages of ancestry vary quite a bit, by region; showing that there was quite a bit of chance involved in these meetings of natives and immigrants.
This passage shows that the Bell Beaker culture was largely descended from the Yamnaya people, with about 70% of their ancestry coming from them. It also notes that ancestry percentages differed by region, suggesting random variation in how native and immigrant groups mixed.
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Although archaeology shows that there were definitely many small bands of nomadic hunter gatherers struggling to survive in remote and barren regions of the ancient world (like the ancestors of the Beringians, whose 29,000 year old camps have been found in Siberia), it's probable that most people would have preferred to live in "rich" environments like temperate river valleys.
This passage explains that while some ancient people lived in harsh, remote areas, most likely chose richer, more comfortable environments. It contrasts survival in barren regions with the preference for fertile river valleys.
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