hese ancestral techniques deserve our full attention because they represent intelligent forms adaptation to extreme thermal and water conditions, close to what the Mediterranean countries will experience in 2100 in a climate scenario at +4°C.

The only problem is that this technique requires a significant amount of manual labor and substantial investment. A

ddition to being economical and bringing good yields, zaï also promotes the return of trees to the fields.

fact part of the centuries-old expertise of the inhabitants of Yatenga: the za

local Maasai community, a seminomadic pastoralist group, have been removed from their land

about $6 million to drill, and it can be another $300 million to build a roughly 165-megawatt plant

Kenya is also setting up the Geothermal Centre of Excellence, which will train professionals in the region once it opens in a couple years, Mwangi says.

Geothermal energy doesn’t just generate electricity. It can also be used as a direct source of heating, like at this spa next to the Olkaria geothermal power projec

There’s no comprehensive estimate for how much total energy East Africa could harvest from geothermal sources. But experts estimate that Kenya and Ethiopia could each generate 10,000 megawatts

U.N. showed that there’s enough renewable energy potential to power Africa’s energy needs well into the future, though the up-front costs would be higher than if fossil fuels were used to meet those energy demands.

Using its abundant solar and wind power to produce green hydrogen for export as a fossil fuel replacement has become a government priority.

Latin America has seen its resources sold out from under it before, and Chile doesn’t intend to lose out on its natural value this time.

ithium, a silvery-white metal, is essential for producing lithium ion batteries that power most electric vehicles and utility-scale energy storage

Latin American countries are fostering energy innovation cultures that are homegrown, dynamic, creative, often grassroots and frequently overlooked

China has also become a major investor in Latin America’s critical minerals sector, a treasure trove of lithium, nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements that are crucial for developing electric vehicles, wind turbines and defense technologies.

As more Republicans speak out and introduce legislation that addresses climate issues using conservative approaches and solutions,

he more aggressively they were misperceiving information in a way that generated political polarizatio

olution aversion”—“downplaying or outright denying a problem based on whether its solution fits in a specific current belief structure”

using research to depoliticize the issue and create bipartisan solutions

branded as economic development, sustainability, resource management, or public health initiatives.

Government action is crucial. T

pro-growth attitudes

separate out wasteful consumption such as big cars or yachts, and are thus likely to be overestimates.

nclude less stress and burnout and better sleep among employees while maintaining productivity

short-term financial interests of shareholders, companies should prioritize social and environmental benefits and take social and ecological costs into accoun

renowned for high-quality public housing; and nearly 100 cities worldwide offer free public transport.

green jobs guarantee

ealthy economies should abandon growth of gross domestic product (GDP) as a goal, scale down destructive and unnecessary forms of production to reduce energy and material use, and focus economic activity around securing human needs and well-being

Only the tyrannical state, with its monopoly on violence, its enormous bureaucracies, its tentacles reaching into every facet of life, will have the power to save us from the stupidity that we called the freedom to grow forever.

rading certain human freedoms, such as producing unlimited numbers of children or consuming uncontrolled amounts of resources, for other freedoms, such as relief from pollution and crowding and the threat of collapse of the world system

ebunked the myth that more growth will lead to human equality, they were waving a knife at the neoliberal capitalist order

growing environmental pressure per unit of economic activity,

“scarcity may lead [to] ‘peak civilization,’ unless urgent countermeasures are systematically undertake

now takes 40 percent more inputs to dig up minerals in general, while the grain sizes and ore grades of what’s being retrieved are declining

producing nuclear power, recycling resources, and mining the most remote reserves; withholding as many pollutants as possible; pushing yields from the land to undreamed-of heights; and producing only children who are actively wanted by their parents.

accurate over such a long time span

o reason to suppose that economic growth cannot continue for another 2,500 years.”

exponential growth quickly depletes non-renewable natural resources

Sources are those things we need from nature for industrial civilization to survive: minerals, metals, rare earth elements, fossil fuels, fresh water, arable soil. Sinks refer to the capacity of the planet to absorb pollution of its soil, air, and water, and, most ominously, the capacity of its atmosphere to absorb carbon

If humans propagate, spread, build, consume, and pollute beyond the limits of our tiny spinning orb, we will have problem

religion is expressed most avidly in the cult of the American Dream. T

Developed countries must keep their promise to provide at least $100 billion per year to developing countries for climate action.

And we must leverage local expertise and amplify the voices of women and young people everywhere.  Studies show that when women participate in negotiations, peace is more sustainable

verty, human rights violations, poor governance, the collapse of essential public services, a lack of opportunities for human development, and more broadly, a loss of hope for the future.

orld Food Programme (WFP) estimates that climate change could increase the risk of famine and malnutrition by up to 20 per cent by 2050

verybody understands that energy access is the difference between poverty and not poverty. Nobody sees fossil fuels as the basic problem. They see the West’s profligate use of fossil fuels as the basic problem.”

Monsoon flooding in Pakistan covered a third of the country for weeks, displacing tens of millions of people, destroying the country’s cotton and rice yields and producing conditions ripe for migration, conflict and infectious disease within an already struggling state — a s

hina, which is already installing nearly as much renewable capacity as the rest of the world combined, is also manufacturing 85 percent of the world’s solar panels

hat used to look like a moral burden is now viewed increasingly as an opportunity

Since 2010, the cost of solar power and lithium-battery technology has fallen by more than 85 percent, the cost of wind power by more than 55 percent.

A politics of decarbonization is evolving into a politics beyond decarbonization, incorporating matters of adaptation and finance and justice (among other issues)

“The world will be what we make it.”

But the reservation policy, as it's called, has also become a catalyst for much of the violence and a consistent flashpoint for upper caste resentment of educated Dalits like Yengde.

He came back.

To bring the losers along

Trump’s presidency has revealed an alternative perspective: globalization, at least as currently construed, tilts the balance of political power toward those with the skills and assets to benefit from openness, undermining whatever organized influence the losers might have had in the first place.

a New Deal for globalization” in the US, one that would link “engagement with the world economy to a substantial redistribution of income.

ntil recently, its large domestic market and relative geographical insulation provided considerable protection from imports, especially from low-wage countries

social protections

billions of dollars in new subsidies for consumers and manufacturers of electric vehicles whose final assembly takes place in North America and whose batteries contain components and critical minerals primarily sourced from the United States or its trade allies.

access funds from the legislation, companies must commit to not build certain types of facilities in China, Iran, North Korea, or Russia.

proposing hundreds of billions of dollars in new spending to improve U.S. economic competitiveness and promising a foreign policy “for the middle class.

market will always reach the most efficient economic outcome, but sometimes the most efficient outcome is at odds with the common good,”

one wrong—can stifle innovation, create substantial inefficiencies, exacerbate the concentration of corporate power, waste precious taxpayer funds, and fuel crony capitalism.”

industrial policy i

government played a crucial role in developing its semiconductor industry—also a global leader—by funding research and recruiting U.S.-trained engineers.

Japan had transformed into an economic powerhouse rivaling the United States.

research is supported by a network of public-private institutes, and manufacturing is aided by an apprenticeship program.

he most averse to using industrial policies in any kind of consistent fashion,

American System”—a combination of tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure development—in the early nineteenth century

heavy manufacturing or that have military applications, such as aerospace, semiconductors, and electric vehicles

ndustrial policy refers to government efforts to support particular industries that are considered strategically important, such as semiconductors.

essential buffers forindividuals and small businesses to cope with the Covidcrisis

Covid-19 crisis acted like an external shock that hasshed light on current trends preceding and independent ofthe pandemic

hal-lenge for firms becomes a question not of whether butrather how one should balance competing ideologies andinterests

economics of production is rap-idly changing. Besides rapidly increasing labor costs inChina, the Chinese government is shifting its prioritieshigher up the value chain from being the world’s globalfactory to a preference for sectors characterized by greatervalue added and knowledge intensit

ike Zoom and Microsoft Teams,as firms shifted suddenly and relatively seamlessly tohome offices, has shown the vast possibilities enabled bytoday’s technology.

one can expect to see multinational firms paymore heed to their domestic constituencies

occupying the role of shock absorber and buffer as well associetal steward

shift from a globalized economy and a domestic politytoward a greater alignment between the two.

economy, state, and societ

do not reflect the current economic and geopo-litical realities, which has resulted in a crisis of legitimacyand an increasing questioning of the global rules of thegame.

xacerbates nationalistic and populist sentimentsfurther and has brought about a more inward and domesticfocus.

China has now emerged asthe first serious global rival to the United States on multi-ple arenas—economic, political, and security—which isunderstandably causing the latter deep consternation

As an analogy, we witnessed that even if a nation’s hospi-tals were to have the most advanced technology, a shortageof masks (or other personal protective equipment) canbring the system to its knees

inan-cial crisis in 2008, which occurred at the apex of free mar-ket ideology and showed both the unsustainability as wellas hollowness of the reigning model of relatively unbridledfinancial capitalism

free market and less involvement by the state—emergedand took root in the 80s in the developing economies, inparticular Latin America

which began in the 1980s

economic theory (at least free-market economics)cannot tell us what the ‘right’ wages and working conditionsshould be in China.

it is natural thatwhat is a starvation wage in the U S is a handsome wage in China(the average being 10 per cent that of the US) and a fortune inIndia (the average being 2 per cent that of the US).

We see a regulation when we don’t endorse the moral valuesbehind it.

the consumer’s right to change her mind was considered moreimportant than the right of the seller to avoid the cost involvedin returning unwante

here is a huge range of restrictions on whatcan be traded; and not just bans on ‘obvious’ things such asnarcotic drugs or human organs

elieve that actions that harm others, however unintentionally (such as pollution), need to be restricted.

Today, even the most ardent free-market proponents in Britain or other rich countries would not think of bringing childlabour back as part of the market liberalization package that theyso want.

The free market doesn’t exist. Every market has some rules andboundaries that restrict freedom of choic

People must be left ‘free to choose’, as the title of free-marketvisionary Milton Friedman’s famous book goes

fundamental principle of a free society is voluntary co-operation

prices that people are willing to pay for products determines whatis produced. The prices that have to be paid for raw materials, for the wages of labour and so on,determine the cheapest way to produce these things. And, in addition, these self-same prices, thewages of labour, the interest on capital and so on, determine how much each person has to spendon the marke

ade sure that laws are enforcedand contracts honoured.

complete absence of tariffs or any other restrictions on trade is one of the main reasons whyHong Kong has been able to provide such a rapidly rising standard of life for its people

There is no system that isperfect. There is no system that is going to completely eliminate poverty, in whatever sense.

Human and political freedom has never existed and cannot exist without a large measure ofeconomic freedom.

There is not a single person in the world who could make a pencil.

market tells producers not only what to produce but how best to produce it,

workers are free—free to work what hours they choose, free to move to other jobs if theywish

hat economic freedom is and the role itplays in preserving personal freedom

here were few government programmes to turn to, and nobody expected them. But therewere also few rules, and there were no regulations, no licences, no permits, no red tape to restrictthem.

Women 8!f! exclud� from positions of leadership

Women and girls must cover their heads duringthe service, and they receive communion and final blessings only after allthe men and boys have taken their tum.

Just.go to church, pray, and come back. Why go for these parties? I don'tlike that.' My husband replied, 'I have to have a niche here somehow

Kcrala. immigrant 'men faced the prospectof perh aps never making as much money or: gaining equivalentprofessional standing

single women went back to India �th theirgreen cards and found husbands with whom they could return,' In thisimmigration experience, conventional roles were reversed for m�n andwomen. 1

little motivation to fight for better conditions

nurses told me that for everyforey,:five patientsthey had only two staff nurses. As a result, Keralites who could afford it wereseeking health care outside the_ state

high nursing vacancy rates in Kera.la hospital

Despite their having come from more diverse social origins, despite thegreater demand for their professional skills, and despite their transformation from a burden into an asset, n� arc still heavily stigmatize

Outside Kerala they would think that it ia afriendship ...Even now it ia just like it� in the fifties.

.Nursing is one of the few professions in Kerala with the guarantee of a djob upon graduation and opportunities to make money abroad.Indeed, admission to nursing programs is so much in demand that, muchas with engineering and medical school admission, the prospective appli•cant now has to pay a capitation fee of thousands of rupees instea� of receiing a stipend to attend as in the past.

her family did notwant her to get married because they �wned that her ftnancial contribution would be cut off when she entered the husband's family.

Inorder to help their natal families for as long as possible, many nurses dufully delayed marriage. In interviews, some women told me how they postponed th!=ir �arriage to help their family build a home or to help siblingscomplete their education

nglish. missionaries andmission hospitals took in representing nursing as noble Christian service

& nursing opened up a window of opportunity for young women to earn. money and contribute to the family inco�e, there was a concurrent changein their position within the family.

reflect the way the tightly knitimmigrant community in the United States absorbs and appropriates meanings fi:om India, meanings that become the undercurrents for the negotions of class and gender relations

Most of our people came here as a spouse-rather most, of the men-as aspome of a nurse

urses backhome were seen as "loose," "d oilt," and having low moral values

those young aspiring nurses who, twenty to tlrlrty years ago, leftbehind a Kerala that probably had even stricter prohibitions againstthe interaction of the sexes.

mmigrated at the age :of twelve, I was neither afint- nor a second-generation immigrant but a •one-poin�fiver/ aswe are called.

Valuing ABC's and getting shots for DPT: Those are the forces behind globalimprovements in the quality of life.

the most corrupt and inefficient of countries in Africa are stillproviding services of a quality and extent far in advance of what any countryoffered prior to the Industrial Revolution.

rge governments.

Spreading knowledge that governments couldprovide such services, and pressure on governments to commit to providingsuch services may have helped foster demand and accountability.

spread of communications technologies

People around the world are better-informed consumers thanthey used to be.

rather making the things that really matter—things likehealth, education, and liberty—cheaper and more widely available.

improvement in almost all of the quality-of-lifeindicators that he studied were only weakly related to the rate of economicgrowth.

life expectancy increased,

oney isn't thelargest factor in changes in quality of life is clear from looking at cases ofcountries as poor as they have ever been.

proportion of the world's population that could read increased

econd half of the 20th century, world life expectancyincreased to 69 from 51 years. Since 1960, global average infant mortality hasbeen reduced by more than half.

From a global standpoint, quality of life is getting better.

overall levels of violence in West Papua have decreasedmarkedly, and the long-term trend has been toward considerably improvedhealth and access to education.

Integration with the rest of the world has carried considerable costs.

e of first contact, residents of the Grand Valley were living a StoneAge existence. Early estimates of infant mortality were as high as 20 or 30percent.

Afghans had a more positive view of Taliban violence after foreigners sponsored public goods projects in their districts.

nationalism has increased the frequency of war:

mutual obligation and shared political destiny popularized the idea that members of the nation—even perfect strangers—should support one another in times of hardship.

nation-state offered a better exchange relationship with the government than any previous model of statehood had

political loyalty

gave commoners leverage to demand from their rulers increased political participation, equality before the law, and better provision of public goods.

provided the ideological foundation for institutions such as democracy, the welfare state, and public education, all of which were justified in the name of a unified people with a shared sense of purpose and mutual obligation

nation-states governed according to nationalist principles

Iwanttounderstandother points

we have obligationstoothers,

cosmopolitanismoriginallysignaled,then,arejec-tionoftheconventionalviewthateverycivilizedpersonbelongedtoacommunityamongcommunities.

‘Together,wecanruinpoorfarmersbydumpingoursubsidizedgrainintotheirmarkets,crippleindustriesbypunitivetariffs,deliverweaponsthatwillkillthousandsupon thousands.Together, wecanraisestandardsofliv-ing byadoptingnewpoliciesontradeandaid,preventortreatdis-eases withvaccinesandpharmaceuticals,takemeasuresagainstglobalclimatechange,encourageresistancetotyrannyandaconcernfortheworthofeachhumanlife

Globalization)is)a)historical)process)that)has)offered)an)abundance)of)opportunities)and)rewards)in)the)past)and)continues)to)do)so)today.)The)very)existence)of)potentially)large)benefits)makes)the)question)of)fairness)in)sharing)the)benefits)of)globalization)so)critically)important

)U.S.)refusal)to)agree)to)a)joint)crackdown)even)on)illicit)sales)of)small)arms)(as)proposed)by)UN)Secretary-General)Kofi)Annan))illustrates)the)difficulties)involved

)fair)trade,)medical)initiatives,)educational)exchanges,)facilities)for)technological)dissemination,)ecological)and)environmental)restraints,)and)fair)treatment)of)accumulated)debts

Global)capitalism)is)much)more)concerned)with)expanding)the)domain)of)market)relations)than)with,)say,)establishing)democracy,)expanding)elementary)education,)or)enhancing)the)social)opportunities)of)society's)underdogs

real)issue)concerns)how)fairly)benefits)associated)with)these)respective)arrangements)are)distributed

would)not)necessarily)imply)that)the)poor)were)getting)a)fair)share

make)good)use)of)the)remarkable)benefits)of)economic)intercourse)and)technological)progress)in)a)way)that)pays)adequate)attention)to)the)interests)of)the)deprived)and)the)underdog

be)a)great)mistake)to)see)globalization)primarily)as)a)feature)of)imperialism.)It)is)much)bigger--much)greater--than)tha

contemporary)capitalism,)driven)and)led)by)greedy)and)grabby)Western)countries)in)Europe)and)North)America,)has)established)rules)of)trade)and)business)relations)that)do)not)serve)the)interests)of)the)poorer)people)in)the)world

Globalization)is)often)seen)as)global)Westernization

nsist on the non-sustainability of the process

frica accounts for less than1 per cent of the worlds GDP.

a high ratio of exports to GOP (30 per cent)yet remains poor because its products are cheap

David Dollar, an economist workingfor the Bank (2004), the simple proof that glob-alization works is that poor-country growthrates are higher than rich-country growth ratesfor the first time in modem history.

verycountry will find its 'niche' selling and buyingwhere its comparative advantage dominates

lobalizationunderpins a t1;a_nsformation in the organization ofhuman affairs ' 1Jy linking together and expandinghuman activity across regions and continents

Developing countries have to conform

pressure built up until the rich countries were forced to concede

Governments Must Act Too

overconsumption by the comparatively wealthy, which means the world’s most manic consumers are going to have to consume less.

capitalism of chaos that not only takes advantage of environmental, social and eco- nomic crises and war, but also constantly causes them in order to set off processes of even greater Source: Solén 2017.

programs to tackle the complexity and interactivity of the prob- lems related to inequality, mass poverty, economic destruction, and authoritarian regimes.

brushed off policies that had dominated during the “golden era” of glo- balization, such as free-trade agreements, reduction of commercial barriers, and multilateral agreements re- garding a whole range of issues.

private transnational corporations, banks, media conglomerates and international financial institutions are trying to increase their profits by applying interventionist and neoco- lonial policies with the complicity of neoliberal governments.

suitable job opportu- nities.

express their rejection of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) and the neoliberal globalization policies attached to that process, which, according to them, was threaten- ing the livelihood of the large peasant and Indigenous populations of that region.

own an estimated $100 trillion coming from rich people looking for tax shelters

Because of the interconnectivity of financial systems worldwide, this crash rapidly contaminated many countries

“the workings of genuinely global cap- ital markets dwarf their ability to control exchange rates or protect their currency.”

62 million children will not be able to go to school. Almost 10,000 people will die because they cannot access health care. Yet, 10 years since the financial crisis, the number of billionaires has nearly doubled worldwide.

interventionist state policies that managed market forces, not neoliberal prescriptions, were responsible for lifting 120 million Chinese out of poverty.

frica accounts for less than 1 per cent of the world’s GDP.

Currently, many African countries appear to be trapped in a vicious cycle of interlocking handicaps, including poverty, illiteracy, civil strife, environmental pressures, poor governance, and inflexible economies largely dependent on exports of a single commodity.

dvanced capitalist countries control more than 90 per cent of financial assets, 85 per cent of foreign direct

“another face” of imperialism, allowing the powerful, mostly in the Global North, to extend their reach and widen the net of international capitalism

lobalization underpins a transformation in the organization of human affairs by linking together and expanding human activity across regions and continents

efocused to adjust to the needs and requirements of international markets.

espite attempts to reform some of the liberal policies of glo- balization, the crisis aggravated income gaps, con- tributed to environmental deterioration, fomented nationalist responses and political competition be- tween superpowers, while, at the same time, a wave of new conflicts threatened millions of lives.