IV. THE CYLINDER OPENS.

The first written mention of Barbara Allen was made by Samuel Pepys who sang it with friends on New Year’s Eve in 1665, and since then hundreds of versions have been recorded by collectors over the years from all round the British Isles and across North America.

Barbara Allen is the story of a rather bossy man who on his death bed sends a servant out to get Barbara Allen, the woman he says he loves, saying that one kiss from her will save his life. When she refuses, accusing him of flirting with all sorts of women, he simply gives up and dies, but not before laying a guilt trip on her by giving her some of his most treasured possessions. Barbara Allen then, with a similar lack of resilience, also gives up the ghost as it turns out she can’t in fact face life without him after all.

Barbara Allen is considered the world's most-collected English language folk ballad

“O Mother, Mother, make my bed, O make it soft and narrow: Since my love died for me today, I’ll die for him a’morrow.”

Versions of “Barbara Allen” derive from Great Britain, Ireland, and the United States, a great swath of which are found in the Appalachian Mountains. The popular belief is that the ballad came from Scotland. The title has several different spellings from “Barbara Allen” to “Barbara Allan,” “Barbry Allen” to “Bawbie Allen,” etc. The male character seems to switch between “Sweet William” and “Sir John Græme.” This narrative song is arguably the most popular ballad of all time.

Barbara Allen

There’s the Robin Hood Festival, a celebration of the man, and his medieval way of life. We have guided walks from characters of the day who may have known him, even the Sheriff of Nottingham. Visit the Events page to find out more.

There are several candidates from history, but whoever he was, he remains an inspiration to this day

(“Robin Hood in Sherwood stood”) are taken from a poem dating back to around 1400. But there were references to the world’s most famous outlaw even before then.

When they had shot about, These archers fair and good, Evermore was the best, For sooth, Robin Hood. Him was delivered the good arrow, For best worthy was he; He took the gift so courteously, To green wood would he.

A right good arrow he shall have, The shaft of silver white, The head and the feathers of rich red gold, In England is none like.

Robin Hood and his merry men Dwelled still full many a day.

Never a word said Robin Hood, but he looked at the foresters with a grim face; then, turning on his heel, strode away from them down the forest glade. But his heart was bitterly angry, for his blood was hot and youthful and prone to boil.

So up he got and took his good stout yew bow and a score or more of broad clothyard arrows, and started off from Locksley Town through Sherwood Forest to Nottingham.

When Robin was a youth of eighteen

in merry england in the time of old, when good King Henry the Second ruled the land, there lived within the green glades of Sherwood Forest, near Nottingham Town, a famous outlaw whose name was Robin Hood.

Themes in English Ballads

This collection contains hundreds of traditional English and Scottish ballads, many of which remain popular in folk music today.

The Role of Instruments While some Irish ballads are performed a cappella, others are accompanied by traditional instruments such as the tin whistle, fiddle, and bodhrán (Irish frame drum). These instruments help to enhance the storytelling aspect of the ballads, grounding them in the cultural and musical traditions of Ireland

What is a Ballad? A ballad is a form of narrative verse that is typically set to music. Historically, ballads have been used as a means of oral storytelling, with each verse carrying a part of the tale. Ballads usually follow a simple, repetitive structure, making them easy to memorize and pass down through generations. While their forms may vary slightly between cultures, ballads are universally known for their storytelling, which often focuses on themes such as love, tragedy, heroism, and historical events.

Ballad singing is one of the most enduring forms of musical storytelling, its roots stretching across the rich folk traditions of Ireland, England, Scotland, and the United States

Finnegan's Wake

a globule of fat splattered from the fish to Finn’s finger. The young lad did as we might do, and he stuck his finger into his mouth to ease the pain. It was in this way that all the wisdom contained in the fish transferred to Finn.When the boy served the old man, Finegas could tell that Finn had the wisdom.

After much effort, Finegas finally caught the legendary salmon, and he was overcome with joy. “All right, Finn, here’s what you do. Are you listening? Good man. Look, you take this salmon, and you fry it up over there, but mind you that you don’t eat any of it. This salmon is for me. I’ve searched for it long and wide, and I’ve earned it. And once I eat it, I will have all the wisdom of the worold, which is a great thing for a seer to have. It’ll be the next best thing until Wikipedia. D’you got that?”

And so, the legend of the Salmon of Knowledge began. It was said that anyone who caught this salmon and ate it, would gain all the wisdom of the world.

annoyed with everyone calling him Old Man Fintan, he took a wild leap into the nearest stream, changed into a salmon, and swam away.

His name was Fintan mac Bóchra, but being as old as he was, folk just went around calling him Fintan the Wise.

“It represents wisdom, I’m told.”

It’s a replica of a Medieval depiction of a salmon.

Benandonner was shocked. He thought that if the baby of Finn MacCool is this big, his father, the giant Finn, must be huge.

However, Finn’s wife had a master plan to save her husband. Using bedclothes and some other material, she sowed some giant baby clothes together which she gave to Finn to change into.  She then made him step into a large cradle that was kept in the living room by the fire where he huddled up like a baby. At sunrise the following morning there was a loud knock on the door.

When Finn arrived and laid his eyes upon Benandonner he was stunned speechless. Benandonner wasn’t big – he was enormous.

Finn made his way out to the Antrim coast and began tearing up large chunks of coastline and firing them into the water.

Although Fionn had never laid eyes on Benandonner, he had heard a whisper that he was the largest and most fierce giant in all of Scotland. Enraged by Benandonner’s sheer cheek, Fionn immediately accepted the challenge, but there was a slight snag – how would he get across to Scotland?!

Benandonner wanted to challenge Fionn to a fight so that he could prove that he was bigger and stronger than any giant in Ireland.

he was the biggest and strongest giant in all of Ireland. It’s said that the Irish giant’s booming voice could be heard for miles and miles around.

consider using brains over brawn during times of potential conflict.

feature an Irish giant named Finn or Fionn. Both are the same and they are based on the warrior Fionn Mac Cumhaill.

led to the creation of the magnificent Giants Causeway.

It features a giant named Fionn Mac Cumhaill (aka Finn McCool) and it tells the story of his battle with a Scottish giant, named Benandonner.

. Fionn's wife dressed up her husband as a baby and when Benandonner arrived she said Fionn wasn't home and to be quiet not to wake up the baby. When Benandonner saw the ‘baby' he decided that if the baby was that big, Fionn must be massive. So he turned tail and fled back across the causeway ripping it up as he went. All that remains are the ends, here at the Giant's Causeway and on the island of Staffa in Scotland where similar formations are found.

The story goes that Fionn built the causeway to get to Scotland and battle with a rival giant called Benandonner.

the most famous legend of Fionn Mac Cumhail surrounds the Giants Causeway in Country Antrim.

the legendary Irish warrior/hunter who led the band of Irish warriors known as the Fianna and created the Giants Causeway.

Then, when they heard that it was Conor’s foster-son who was without, on the instant to one man they rose; and though the doors of the fort were thrown wide they could not wait for that, but out they stormed over the walls and ramparts of the fort to find the boy.” “Quick they were,” said Fergus, interrupting, “yet did I outstrip them, and at the rampart’s outer door I found the child, and the great hound dead beside him. Without a pause I picked up the boy and hoisted him on my shoulder, and thus, with all the heroes following, we came to Conor, and I placed him between the monarch’s knees.”

“‘It is only that I have an excellent watch-dog, fierce and strong; and when his chain is taken off, and he is set free to guard the house, no one dare come anywhere within the same district with him; he is furious with all but me, and he has the strength and savage force of a hundred ordinary watch-dogs. This dog was brought to me from Spain, and no dog in the country can equal him.’ ‘Let him be set loose, for all are here,’ said Conor; ‘well will he guard this place for us.’ “So Culain loosed the dog, and with one spring it bounded forth out of the court of the house and over the wall of the rath, making a circuit of the entire district; and when it came back panting, with its tongue hanging from its jaws, it took up its usual position in front of the house, and there crouched with its head upon its paws, watching the high road to Emain. Surely an extraordinarily cruel and fierce and savage dog was he.

“There he saw a sight so curious that he could not tear himself away. At one end of the green stood a group of a hundred and fifty youths, guarding one goal, all striving to prevent the ball of a single little boy, who was playing against the whole of them, from getting in; but for all that they could do, he won the game, and drove his ball home to the goal. “Then they changed sides, and the little lad defended his one goal against the hundred and fifty balls of the other youths, all sent at once across the ground. But though the youths played well, following up their balls, not one of them went into the hole, for the little boy caught them one after another just outside, driving them hither and thither, so that they could not make the goal. But when his turn came round to make the counter-stroke, he was as successful as before; nay, he would get the entire set of a hundred and fifty balls into their hole, for all that they could do. “Then they played a game of getting each other’s cloaks off without tearing them, and he would have their mantles off, one after the other, before they could, on their part, even unfasten the brooch that held his cloak.[35] When they wrestled with each other, it was the same thing: he would have them on the ground before all of them together could upset him, or make him budge a foot. “As the King stood and watched all this, he said: ‘’Tis well for the country into which this boy has come! A clever child indeed is he; were but his acts as a grown man to come up to the promise of his youth, he might be of some solid use to us; but this is not to be counted upon.’”

But he said, ‘I have no lands or store of wealth; I pray thee, therefore, to bring with thee but a few of thy prime warriors, because my house cannot contain a great company of guests.’ So the King said he would go, bringing but a small retinue with him.

Now the custom is, that every man of means and every owner of land in Ulster, should, once in a year or so, invite the King and his chiefs to spend a few days, it may be a week or a fortnight, at his house, that he may give them entertainment

And Cormac, Conor’s son, answered eagerly, “I will tell you that story myself, for I was present, and I know the way of it.”

Meave said to Fergus, “Just now you spoke of that little boy as Setanta, but I have heard him called Cuchulain, or Culain’s Hound; how did he get that name?”

n times of rage he took on the characteristics of the Scandinavian berserkers and would become monstrously deformed and uncontrollable.

he performed superhuman exploits and labours comparable to those of the Greek hero Achilles.

His prowess was increased by the gift of seven fingers on each hand, seven toes on each foot, and seven pupils in each eye.

He was the greatest of the Knights of the Red Branch—

Cú Chulainn, in medieval Irish literature, the central character of the Ulster (Ulaid) cycle

Events centre on the reign of the semi-historical King Conor (Conchobar mac Nessa) at Emain Macha (near modern Armagh) and his Knights of the Red Branch (i.e., the palace building in which the heads and arms of vanquished enemies were stored).

They reflect the customs of a free pre-Christian aristocracy who fought from chariots, took heads as trophies, were subject to taboo (geis), and were influenced by druids

a group of legends and tales dealing with the heroic age of the Ulaids

Ulster cycle

After serving in the Crimean War, he retired to his estate and devoted himself to writing, farming, and raising his large family. His novels and outspoken social polemics brought him world fame.

Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) was born in central Russia

Their subsequent affair scandalizes society and family alike and soon brings jealously and bitterness in its wake. Contrasting with this tale of love and self-destruction is the vividly observed story of Levin, a man striving to find contentment and a meaning to his life - and also a self-portrait of Tolstoy himself.

Anna Karenina seems to have everything - beauty, wealth, popularity and an adored son. But she feels that her life is empty until the moment she encounters the impetuous officer Count Vronsky

olstoy's epic novel of love, destiny and self-destruction

And his inner voice told him that he should not go, that there could be nothing here but falseness, that to rectify, to repair, their relations was impossible, because it was impossible to make her attractive and arousing of love again or to make him an old man incapable of love. Nothing could come of it now but falseness and deceit, and falseness and deceit were contrary to his nature.

he most unpleasant thing here was that it mixed financial interests into the impending matter of their reconciliation. And the thought that he might be guided by those interests, that he might seek a reconciliation with his wife in order to sell the wood, was offensive to him.

There was no answer, except the general answer life gives to all the most complex and insoluble questions. That answer is: one must live for the needs of the day, in other words, become oblivious. To become oblivious in dreams was impossible now, at least till night-time; it was impossible to return to that music sung by carafe-women; and so one had to become oblivious in the dream of life.

But what to do, then? What to do?' he kept saying despairingly to himself, and could find no answer.

`Oh, oh, oh! Ohh! ...' he moaned, remembering all that had taken place. And in his imagination he again pictured all the details of his quarrel with his wife, all the hopelessness of his position and, most painful of all, his own guilt.

was painfully felt by the couple themselves, as well as by all the members of the family and household.

The wife had found out that the husband was having an affair with their former French governess, and had announced to the husband that she could not live in the same house with him.

All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.

Once or twice her breathing turned into mild snores. Tomas felt no compassion. All he felt was the pressure in his stomach and the despair of having returned.

In languages that derive from Latin, compassion means: we cannot look on coolly as others suffer; or, we sympathize with those who suffer. Another word with approximately the same meaning, pity (French, pitie; Italian, pieta; etc.), connotes a certain condescension towards the sufferer. To take pity on a woman means that we are better off than she, that we stoop to her level, lower ourselves.

Tomas came to this conclusion: Making love with a woman and sleeping with a woman are two separate passions, not merely different but opposite. Love does not make itself felt in the desire for copulation (a desire that extends to an infinite number of women) but in the desire for shared sleep (a desire limited to one woman).

Tomas did not realize at the time that metaphors are dangerous. Metaphors are not to be trifled with. A single metaphor can give birth to love.

He himself was surprised. He had acted against his principles. Ten years earlier, when he had divorced his wife, he celebrated the event the way others celebrate a marriage.

Einmal ist keinmal, says Tomas to himself. What happens but once, says the German adage, might as well not have happened at all. If we have only one life to live,we might as well not have lived at all.

We can never know what to want, because, living only one life, we can neither compare it with our previous lives nor perfect it in our lives to come.

light/darkness, fineness/coarseness, warmth/cold, being/non-being. One half of the opposition he called positive (light, fineness, warmth, being), the other negative. We might find this division into positive and negative poles childishly simple except for one difficulty: which one is positive, weight or lightness? Parmenides responded: lightness is positive, weight negative.Was he correct or not? That is the question. The only certainty is: the lightness/weight opposition is the most mysterious, most ambiguous of all.

The heaviest of burdens crushes us, we sink beneath it, it pins us to the ground. But in the love poetry of every age, the woman longs to be weighed down by the man’s body. The heaviest of burdens is therefore simultaneously an image of life’s most intense fulfillment. The heavier the burden, the closer our lives come to the earth, the more real and truthful they become.

This reconciliation with Hitler reveals the profound moral perversity of a world that rests essentially on the nonexistence of return, for in this world everything is pardoned in advance and therefore everything cynically permitted.

note of it than of a war between two African kingdoms in the fourteenth century, a war that altered nothing in the destiny of the world, even if a hundred thousand blacks perished in excruciating torment.

Putting it negatively, the myth of eternal return states that a life which disappears once and for all, which does not return, is like a shadow, without weight, dead in advance, and whether it was horrible, beautiful, or sublime, its horror, sublimity, and beauty mean nothing.

BOOK II

BOOK I

In his major work, now called the Xunzi, he accused Mencius of misleading “the dim-witted scholars of the vulgar age,” letting them believe that Mencius’s own “aberrant” and “esoteric” doctrines are the “true words” of Confucius (Xunzi, Chapter 6, “Contra Twelve Philosophers”). Later Confucians, who made much of the differences between the two philosophers, pointed to their theories of human nature as the source of their disagreement. But the fixation on that subject tended to obscure their more important differences regarding such topics as education and self-knowledge, feelings and intellect, law and adjudication, and the moral risks of a political profession.

Confucius thought that the rites, or ritual (li)—encompassing and expressing proper human conduct in all spheres of life—could steady a man and anchor a government and that their practice should begin at home.

He found employment first with the Jisun clan, a hereditary family whose principal members had for many decades served as chief counselors to the rulers of Lu.

He said that, because he was “poor and from a lowly station,” he could not enter government service as easily as young men from prominent families and so had to become “skilled in many menial things”

Confucius’s father, Shu-liang He, had been a warrior and served as a district steward in Lu, but he was already an old man when Confucius was born. A previous marriage had given him nine daughters and a clubfooted son, and so it was with Confucius that he was finally granted a healthy heir. But Shu-liang He died soon after Confucius’s birth, leaving his young widow to fend for herself.

The common gentlemen of the late Zhou dynasty could boast of their employability in the army or in any administrative position—because they were educated in the six arts of ritual (see below Teachings of Confucius), music, archery, charioteering, writing, and arithmetic—but in the social hierarchy of the time they were just a notch higher than the common folk.

Confucius was born near the end of an era known in Chinese history as the Spring and Autumn Period (770–481 BCE). His home was in Lu, a regional state of eastern China in what is now central and southwestern Shandong province.

was China’s most famous teacher, philosopher, and political theorist, whose ideas have profoundly influenced the civilizations of China and other East Asian countries.

Although the relationship of the characters changed, this storyline was utilized for an early side quest in Dragon Ball, where Goku met the Ox King and his daughter Chi-Chi in their palace atop a fiery mountain. Despite the Ox King's fierce demeanor, the two became Goku's trusted allies before eventually becoming his family when Goku and Chi-Chi got married. A couple of minor plotlines in the series also had Goku and Chi-Chi attempting to find a tool called the Bansho Fan, which resembled Princess Iron Fan's item and could control the weather.

Dragon Ball Z onward, characters such as Yamcha and Oolong were extremely important to the early narrative of Dragon Ball. This is probably because of their resemblance to the characters for Zhu Bajie and Sha Wujing from Journey to the West. These two figures originated as celestial beings who fell from glory and became demons, although they both ended up reforming and joining Sanzang and Sun Wukong on their quest.

The leader of the group in Journey to the West was a monk named Tang Sanzang, who recruited Sun Wukong after freeing him from isolation. In addition to being the spiritual pillar of the team, Sanzang was usually the most cerebrally minded of the party. Although Sanzang was originally male, as he was based on the historical monk Xuanzang, many depictions in Japan make the character a woman.

Sun Wukong was a supernaturally strong monkey born from a mystical stone in the mountains, which might sound familiar to fans of Dragon Ball. Although he earned a position as a member of the gods, he was cast back down to Earth and imprisoned as a result of his hubris and rowdiness. He ultimately joins the pilgrimage to earn his freedom and find enlightenment.

Journey to the West is a 16th-century Chinese novel following the exploits of a group of pilgrims on an exciting escapade to collect sacred Buddhist texts from across Asia. During this harrowing campaign, they face countless challenges in the form of demons, spirits and other magical creatures. Many of the characters in Journey to the West are eccentric and mystical in nature, be it the adventurous Sun Wukong or the shapeshifting Zhu Bajie. It's often considered one of the greatest works of Chinese literature and is well-beloved among Japanese audiences as well.

Updated by Timothy Blake Donohoo on September 24, 2024: Dragon Ball is easily one of the most iconic anime and manga franchises ever, with most also seeing it as especially influential. Ironically, it was itself inspired by a work of fiction that is a staple of Chinese culture. The connections between Journey to the West and Dragon Ball are fairly strong, especially in the latter's earliest chapters. As shown by a recent video game hit, however, it isn't the only form of modern entertainment inspired by Journey to the West.

In fact, many elements, themes and even characters from this story, known as Journey to the West, were borrowed and creatively adapted to serve as the basis for Dragon Ball.

Dragon Ball is one of the demographic's most important works.

The dynasty reached the peak of its wealth and power during the early 8th century, which was a golden age for its arts. The aristocracy, scattered, murdered, and incarcerated under the empress Wuhou, was restored and oversaw an era of reform.

One of the most remarkable women in Chinese history, Wu Zhao (known by Wuhou, her posthumous name), intrigued her way into the role of empress during the reign of the Gaozong emperor (649–683).

He emulated the first Sui emperor in establishing a highly competent bureaucracy, and he adopted the same pattern of local administration.

The first Tang emperor, Li Yuan, known by his temple name, Gaozu, began as a contender for the rule of the Sui, of which he had been an official

rose in duplicity and murder, and it subsided into a kind of anarchy. But at its apex, in the early 8th century, the splendour of its arts and its cultural milieu made it a model for the world.

Tang dynasty, (618–907 ce), Chinese dynasty that succeeded the short-lived Sui dynasty (581–618), developed a successful form of government and administration on the Sui model, and stimulated a cultural and artistic flowering that amounted to a golden age.

already a part of Chinese folk and literary tradition in the form of colloquial stories, a poetic novelette, and a six-part drama when Wu Cheng’en formed it into his long and richly humorous novel.

The novel is based on the actual 7th-century pilgrimage of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang (602–664) to India in search of sacred texts.

Journey to the West, foremost Chinese comic novel, written by Wu Cheng’en, a novelist and poet of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644)

Kenji Miyazawa

He died at age 37 of pneumonia. Relatively unknown in his lifetime, his work enjoyed a revival in the 1980s, and he is now recognized as one of 20th-century Japan’s foremost writers.

After leaving teaching, Miyazawa devoted his life to writing and assisting farmers in the region of his birth

“For Miyazawa, what will happen in the future is inextricably part of what is happening now, and what happened in the past. It is all part of ‘the monstrous bright accumulation of time.’ He, living or dead, or you, or me, or anyone else, experiences this fusion of time, congealed into the present moment from which we look forward and back. To be conscious of all time at once is to be enlightened.”

Miyazawa’s fiction, poetry, and children’s stories sketch an ecological vision well ahead of its time

He self-published his first book, a work for children, in 1924. Three of his books from the 1930s—Milky Way Railroad, Matasaburo of the Wind, and Be not Defeated by the Rain—were published posthumously.

he soon returned home to care for his sister, who eventually died. During this period, Miyazawa taught agricultural science and continued to write.

moved to Tokyo, and began writing poetry, short stories, and children’s books.

He studied geology

Poet and farmer Kenji Miyazawa was born in Iwate Prefecture.

A Letter

White Birds

Wind Woods

it uses the Latin alphabet with Spanish orthography

Popol Vuh, Maya document, an invaluable source of knowledge of ancient Mayan mythology and culture

The little incident recalled to mind the copy of a missionary paper brought to my notice a few days ago, in which a "Christian" pugilist commented upon a recent article of mine, grossly perverting the spirit of my pen. Still I would not forget that the pale-faced missionary and the hoodooed aborigine are both God's creatures, though small indeed their own conceptions of Infinite Love. A wee child toddling in a wonder world, I prefer to their dogma my excursions into the natural gardens where the voice of the Great Spirit is heard in the twittering of birds, the rippling of mighty waters, and the sweet breathing of flowers. Here, in a fleeting quiet, I am awakened by the fluttering robe of the Great Spirit. To my innermost consciousness the phenomenal universe is a royal mantle, vibrating with His divine breath. Caught in its flowing fringes are the spangles and oscillating brilliants of sun, moon, and stars.

Brushing away from my eyes many like pictures, I offered midday meal to the converted Indian sitting wordless and with downcast face. No sooner had he risen from the table with "Cousin, I have relished it," than the church bell rang.

Like instantaneous lightning flashes came pictures of my own mother's making, for she, too, is now a follower of the new superstition

Shifting uneasily about in the straight-backed chair he sat upon, he began: "Every holy day (Sunday) I look about our little God's house, and not seeing you there, I am disappointed. This is why I come today. Cousin, as I watch you from afar, I see no unbecoming behavior and hear only good reports of you, which all the more burns me with the wish that you were a church member. Cousin, I was taught long years ago by kind missionaries to read the holy book. These godly men taught me also the folly of our old beliefs.

As our tribe is one large family, where every person is related to all the others

In both my hands I hold her shaggy head and gaze into her large brown eyes. At once the dilated pupils contract into tiny black dots, as if the roguish spirit within would evade my questioning.

Interwoven with the thread of this Indian legend of the rock, I fain would trace a subtle knowledge of the native folk which enabled them to recognize a kinship to any and all parts of this vast universe. By the leading of an ancient trail I move toward the Indian village.

What an ideal warrior he became, baffling the siege of the pests of all the land till he triumphed over their united attack. And here he lay, – Inyan our great-great-grandfather, older than the hill he rested on, older than the race of men who love to tell of his wonderful career

Here the Stone-Boy, of whom the American aborigine tells, frolics about, shooting his baby arrows and shouting aloud with glee at the tiny shafts of lightning that flash from the flying arrow-beaks.

Beautiful is the spiritual essence they embody.

Their quaint round faces of varied hue convince the heart which leaps with glad surprise that they, too, are living symbols of omnipotent thought

And they, the lovely little folk, soothe my soul with their perfumed breath.

My heart and I lie small upon the earth like a grain of throbbing sand. Drifting clouds and tinkling waters, together with the warmth of a genial summer day, bespeak with eloquence the loving Mystery round about us. During the idle while I sat upon the sunny river brink, I grew somewhat, though my response be not so clearly manifest as in the green grass fringing the edge of the high bluff back of me.

With half-closed eyes I watch the huge cloud shadows in their noiseless play upon the high bluffs opposite me, while into my ear ripple the sweet, soft cadences of the river's song

While being sharply critical of assimilation, she was firm in her conviction that Indigenous people in America should be American citizens, and that as citizens, they should have the vote: “In the land that was once his own – America… there was never a time more opportune than now for American to enfranchise the Red man!”[3] As original occupants of the land, she argued, Native Americans needed to be represented in the current system of government.

Sun Dance was the first American Indian opera written. It is a symbol of how Zitkála-Šá lived in and bridged both her traditional Native American world and the world of white America that she was raised in.

Afterwards, Zitkála-Šá spent some time back at home on the reservation taking care of her mother and collecting stories for her book, Old Indian Legends. She also took work at the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) office at Standing Rock Indian Reservation as a clerk. She married Captain Raymond Talefase Bonnin in 1902. They were assigned to the Uintah-Ouray Reservation in Utah, where they lived and worked for the next fourteen years. While there, they had a son, Raymond Ohiya Bonnin.

he school sent Zitkála-Šá back to the Yankton Reservation to gather more students. She was shocked to find her family home in disrepair. Many people on the reservation lived in deep poverty, and white settlers were occupying land given to the Yankton Dakota people by the federal government.

She returned to live with her mother on the Yankton Reservation in 1887, but left only three years later. She felt that she did not fit in after her experiences at the Institute.

It was alternatively referred to as “the Bible”, or “the Don Quixote” of Latin America,

A truly revolutionary work, Marquez’s novel is comparable with the modernist breakthroughs of James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, and with Franz Kafka’s fantastic existentialism.

The novel’s impact

When readers hear the term “magical realism”, the first author who comes to mind is usually García Márquez. It is a style of writing where supernatural, magical events happen, and the characters who experience them think they are normal. Magic is mundane, annoying even.

Father Nicanor Reyna, levitates when he drinks hot chocolate, until the trick becomes irritating, and he gets beaten down by the military.

discovers the alchemical formula for turning metals into gold, his son is quick to tell him his glossy treasure looks “like dog shit”.

There is magic in Macondo, but in García Márquez’s novel, magic rarely warrants surprise or excitement

The fact that a powerful company was able to get away with it, and then calmly deny the massacre with impunity led to the creation of the term “banana republic”.

he Buendías are constantly entangled in passionate and unhealthy love affairs, driven by their obsessions, haunted by their secrets.

It goes back to José Arcadio Buendía and Úrsula Iguarán, who found Macondo in the middle of the jungle, and it finishes roughly 100 years later with baby Aureliano, the cursed child born with a pig’s tail.

The novel tells the family’s story across seven generations (

the Buendía family is the protagonist here.

First published in 1967,

The manuscript contains the history of Macondo and the Buendías, written before it actually happened, and that history will be complete, with Aureliano’s death and the destruction of Macondo, as soon as Aureliano finishes deciphering the manuscript.

osé Arcadio returns home from Rome and opens the house to children he picks up, some of whom come back later, murder him, and make off with a stash of gold.

Meanwhile, Aureliano (son of Meme and Mauricio Babilonia) becomes obsessed with Melquíades’s mysterious manuscript

This had taken place in the early years of Macondo, the town that the elder Buendía, his wife Úrsula, and others had founded after José Arcadio and Úrsula had sought to escape the ghost of a man who José Arcadio had killed

The characters are marked by their complex relationships, tragic love stories, and a series of misfortunes that reflect both personal and collective histories. Central to the narrative is the idea of repeating events, culminating in a poignant conclusion that reveals the preordained fate of the Buendías and Macondo itself.

The story follows the Buendía family across several generations in the fictional town of Macondo, exploring themes of solitude, memory, and the cyclical nature of history.

“One Hundred Years of Solitude” is a renowned novel by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez, published in 1967

Porfírio Díaz served as president from 1876 to 1909, and although he brought many improvements to the country, he was also a ruthless dictator whose policies benefited the powerful at the expense of the poor.

Diseases brought by the conquistadores killed an estimated twenty-four million Indigenous people by 1605.

The Aztecs were the first people to interact with Europeans.

Aztec wise men created folded, painted books on paper made from bark of the wild fig tree or treated deerskin. These books were used to educate young people in schools around the empire and as a way to record and save their knowled

The last major pre-Columbian civilization of Mexico was the Aztec Empire. It grew in the central valley about 1427 through a partnership with Toltecs and Mayas.

Many Toltec motifs have been found at Mayan sites, which lead researchers to believe that some Toltec peoples migrated to those locations and settled there. The Toltecs and Mixtecs of Oaxaca used glyphs, created stone inscriptions, and painted books.

The Toltec people arrived in central Mexico about the tenth century.

The Mayas are regarded as the most advanced civilization in pre-Columbian America. Their civilization was at its peak from about 250 to 900 CE. The Mayas are noted for their calendar, but they also developed a writing system. The civilization disappeared abruptly in the early tenth century.

Ancient writings were created by the Indigenous peoples of southern North America, including the Aztecs and Maya

explore themes of identity, history, and social justice, often drawing from personal experiences and the cultural legacy of their nation

Modern authors, including notable figures like Octavio Paz

Mexican literature encompasses a rich tapestry of works that spans from the pre-Columbian era to contemporary times, reflecting the diverse cultural and historical experiences of the country.

and his most prominent theme was the human ability to overcome existential solitude through erotic love and artistic creativity.

and his most prominent theme was the human ability to overcome existential solitude through erotic love and artistic creativity.

His later prose works, some originally in English, include Conjunciones y disyunciones (1969; Conjunctions and Disjunctions), a discussion of the world’s cultural attitudes; El mono gramático (1974; The Monkey Grammarian), a meditation on language; and Tiempo nublado (1983; “Cloudy Weather,” translated as One Earth, Four or Five Worlds: Reflections on Contemporary History), a study of international politics with emphasis on the relationship between the United States and Latin America

His later prose works, some originally in English, include Conjunciones y disyunciones (1969; Conjunctions and Disjunctions), a discussion of the world’s cultural attitudes; El mono gramático (1974; The Monkey Grammarian), a meditation on language; and Tiempo nublado (1983; “Cloudy Weather,” translated as One Earth, Four or Five Worlds: Reflections on Contemporary History), a study of international politics with emphasis on the relationship between the United States and Latin America.

His poetry after 1962 includes Blanco (1967; Eng. trans. Blanco), influenced by Stéphane Mallarmé’s poetry and John Cage’s theories on music; Ladera este (1971; “East Slope”), which is suffused with Paz’s understanding of East Indian myths; Hijos del aire (1979; Airborn),

including one as Mexico’s ambassador to India from 1962 to 1968; in the latter year he resigned in protest over Mexico’s brutal treatment of student radicals that year.

Paz entered Mexico’s diplomatic corps in 1945, after having lived for two years in San Francisco and New York, and served in a variety of assignments, including one as Mexico’s ambassador to India from 1962 to 1968; in the latter year he resigned in protest over Mexico’s brutal treatment of student radicals that year.

Before returning home Paz visited Paris, where Surrealism and its adherents exerted a profound influence on him.

Before returning home Paz visited Paris, where Surrealism and its adherents exerted a profound influence on him.

Paz’s family was ruined financially by the Mexican Civil War, and he grew up in straitened circumstances. Nonetheless, he had access to the excellent library that had been stocked by his grandfather, a politically active liberal intellectual who had himself been a writer

Paz’s family was ruined financially by the Mexican Civil War, and he grew up in straitened circumstances. Nonetheless, he had access to the excellent library that had been stocked by his grandfather, a politically active liberal intellectual who had himself been a writer

az was awarded the Cervantes Award in 1981, the Neustadt Prize in 1982, and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990. He died in Mexico City on April 19, 1998.

Paz was awarded the Cervantes Award in 1981, the Neustadt Prize in 1982, and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990. He died in Mexico City on April 19, 1998.

“Wouldn’t it be better to turn life into poetry rather than to make poetry from life,” he asks. “And cannot poetry have as its primary objective, rather than the creation of poems, the creation of poetic moments?”

His later work shows an ever-deepening intelligence and complexity as it investigates the intersection of philosophy, religion, art, politics, and the role of the individual.

In 1962, Paz became Mexico’s ambassador to India and resigned six years later in protest when government forces massacred student demonstrators in Mexico City. His later work shows an ever-deepening intelligence and complexity as it investigates the intersection of philosophy, religion, art, politics, and the role of the individual. “Wouldn’t it be better to turn life into poetry rather than to make poetry from life,” he asks. “And cannot poetry have as its primary objective, rather than the creation of poems, the creation of poetic moments?”