Rather, a library was a thing recognized as a particular physical and social institution. And though there was no uniform meaning for a library over space and time, we can still get the general outlines of what constituted a library as a discrete concept in the Greek and Roman worlds: a space conceptually centered around the storage and use of books

We must first specify what we mean by “library.” There are two commonly found definitions, usu-ally implied rather than explicitly stated. The first is simply “a collection of texts.”70 If we take that as our definition, then there have been libraries for just about as long as there has been writing—an idea that also goes back to Lipsius’s De Bibliothecis Syntagma.71

Conze made the identification of the Pergamene library based to some degree on a similarity to other libraries in the literary sources (although he acknowledged that rooms adjoining colonnades were common features for many buildings), but also based on a few of the unique architectural features (the podium and the peg-holes in the walls). Conze and Bohn were probably wrong about the podium and peg-holes (as Dziatzko already realized), which should have been enough to throw the identification into doubt. Instead, Dziatzko kept the identification and connected the form of the Pergamene library to Alexandria through Strabo’s description of the Museum (17.1.8), since it included a peripatos and an oikos megas.

As for the distinction in use—that in the “Greek library” (and in Roman private libraries) books were stored in a storeroom, while book-related ac-tivities (reading, discussion, etc.) took place out in the colonnade—there is no evidence to support it. We have no evidence at all about the use of the “Greek library” and a multitude of examples to the contrary for Roman private libraries.59

Mielsch believed that the room was essen-tially a treasury (with the podium functioning as a base for statues and offer-ings) and that the complex had no connection whatsoever to the Pergamene library. Others have recently seen the great hall as again a banquet hall (with the podium as a kind of couch),51 and yet again a library.52 Ultimately, no identification has proved especially convincing.53As

The Lyceum is unlikely to have housed Aristotle’s library (despite the prevail-ing assumption to the contrary) because Aristotle did not own or control any part of the Lyceum: it was simply a public space where he taught.34

Plato depicts the Lyceum as a place Socrates liked to go (Euthphr. 2a). He is on his way there in the Lysis (203a–b) and goes there after his night of drinking in the Symposium (223d). In the passage of the Euthydemus mentioned above (272e–273a), Socrates runs into the sophists Euthydemus and Dionysiodorus, who are teaching a group of students.

The first is the dearth of evidence about the architecture of the Lyceum in the time of Aristotle. The second is that we can be reasonably certain that the Lyceum was not where Aristotle would have kept his books.2

We have almost no information about the early history and layout of the library at Alexandria, and there is no reason to believe that Alexandria modeled itself on the Lyceum.

The Palatine Apollo library also exhibits another innovation: intercolumniated niches to hold bookshelves together with a stepped podium running along the walls to provide access to the niches.21 Figures 6–8 show the libraries of Trajan

Pergamum is the best known of the rival libraries, but it was not the first. In Seleucid Syria, a royal library at Antioch is attested for the time of Antiochus the Great (r. 224/3–188/7 b.c.e.). The Suda notes that the scholar and poet Euphorion “came to Antiochus the Great when he was ruling in Syria and was put in charge of the public library there by him.”15

The similarity to what we found in the will of Theophrastus is noticeable. There is prominent mention of a Museum and a peripatos. The large hall for dining (τὸ συσσίτιον) also had a counterpart in a building mentioned in the will of one of the later Peripatetic scholarchs, Strato, who also wrote of a dining hall (τὸ συσσίτιον, Diog. Laert. 5.62).

Consequently, doubts have been voiced about whether a coherent, diachronic history of the library is possible at all.2

As noted above, Strabo wrote that Aristotle had instructed the kings in Egypt how to organize a library (13.1.54). As early as the first monograph on ancient libraries, Justus Lipsius’s 1602 De Bibliothecis Syntagma (2.1–2), it was realized that Aristotle, who died in 322 b.c.e., a generation before the Ptolemies, could not have taught them anything, except by example.12

In the request for help heading towards his possessions around the Black Sea, Mithridates’ son Machares rejected him as he had an alliance with Rome, resulted in Mithridates killing his son. His other son, Pharnaces also “rebelled and led a force against” his own father “as Pompey was closing in” (Mark). He originally planned “an audacious land invasion of Italy over the Alps when he was betrayed by his son” (Mayor). He was left with no choice, but to commit suicide, “rather than be captured and paraded in a Roman triumph” (Mark). His daughters whom were besides him were killed with posion, by their father. He attempted to do the same “but failed and then asked a slave or servant to kill him” (Mark). The death of Mithridates VI in 63 BCE, “Pompeius took the unusual step of giving his adversary a state funeral, [in] honour for one of the strongest opponents Rome had faced” (Hojte 12). He desired “to imitate Alexander the Great, who likewise had the body of his adversary buried in the tombs of his forefathers” (Hojte 12).

Study Guide Questions for Bosworth & Wheatley the Origins Of the Pontic House (p.g. 155-164) *note: The genealogy of the house of Mithridates can be confusing considering there are Mulitiple kings with that name.Follow along with the chart on p.g. 160. Who does Wheatley and Bosworth cite as being the founder of the Kingdom of Pontus?Dieotorus’ writings claim what region as the origin point of the dynasty?Why does it seem strange that this region would be the origin of the kingdom?During what war was Mithridates Ctistes’ father killed? (Ctistes means founder) What king/kingdom was he accused of betraying?What evidence do we have that the Cius was under Persian influence in the 4th century BC?What other area (“laying in the massif of Olympia”) do the author believe was the origins of the Pontic kingdom?What Persian noble and (disgraced satrap of Armenia) died in order for this region to come into possession of the Mithridatic House? And which Mithridatic king is thought to of annexed it?What Persian king is believed to have gifted the family of Mithridates of Pontus the land along the Black Sea?What is the final hypothesis of the origins of the Pontic Kingdom according to Bosworth and Wheatley? What other Persian nobleman is thought to be a remote ancestor of the Pontic Kingdom? Who was his father?Who succeeded Mithradates and what area had he been the ruler of? What conquest did Mirthdates (II)survive? What reason do the authors give to explain why his reign might have been “tolerated” by Alexander?What relation do Alexander the Great and Mithridates share? Why did Mithridates (Ctistes) leave the Antigonid court and who is responsible for saving his life?One what bases was Mithridates (The Founder Ctistes) able to establish his kingdom in Cappadocia?At who’s hand did Mithridates (II) (Mithridates Ctistes’ father) die?What army did Mirthdates Ctistes help supply?Who were the victors in the battle of Ipsus?What was the nucleus or the base of the Kingdom of Pontus, where Mirthdates (The Founder, Ctistes) spend years in exile after fleeing Antigonus?

I’ve proposed this video about Mithridates VI due to how prominent he is when discussing the Pontic Kingdom. The video covers a lot of details that are mentioned throughout readings and other supplemental pages, like the coinage page, in which Mithridates’ heritage is described. The video brushes up on how his identity as Greco-Persian only further provided him power form the East and West, although he enunciated his relation to Alexander more. The video additionally also mentions the clothing worn by him as well as describes what it symbolized. Having an animated video that includes pictures and audible explanations of chronological events makes the topic at hand slightly easier to understand in comparison to wordy readings (which, of course are still just as useful!)  Another video I have suggested, which is much shorter, is a snippet from an episode of Pawn Stars. Pawn Stars is a show about a family-owned pawn-shop in which the staff’s interactions with customers are broadcasted. Customers usually bring in artifacts that often have rich historical backgrounds in order to sell or pawn them. In this specific episode, a customer comes in with a Mithridates VI coin. Since there is an entire coinage page for the Pontus unit, incorporating this video seems like it would be a fun addition to that page. The snippet of the episode includes tiny facts about the coin and Mithridates, as well as shows the “bargaining” between the customer and staff regarding how much the customer should get for the

This page is meant to highlight some of the archaeological finds from the Pontus Kingdom. There were numerous “pagan” inscriptions found that give us a glimpse in the lives of those who have been largely forgotten by the modern world.  One of the archaeological finds which pertains to the Pontus Kingdom is an inscription which dates back to 155 from “Amastris of the Pontus,” a Persian princess who was the niece of Persian King Darius III. The inscription was of approximately 16 lines and was translated by Harry Pleket and published into Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, which is an academic publication that collects and studies Greek inscriptions (Jones 1990). The inscription consists of Amatris discussing her life, skills, social relations, and rituals.

Why was Telephos  important for the Pergamenes ?

What was kickstarted at the eve of of the battle of Kouroupedion? How was Philetairos’ position as a local power-holder is illustrated? The city of Kyme sent two envoys asking Philetairos to sell them how many shields ? What did giving the 600 shields as a gift represent? What did the position of the philomelids on the military road east of Apameia enable them to do? In 209 bc, what did the Seleukid chief administrator of Asia Minor Zeuxis advised Philomelos? What did the treaty from 269/8 under Eumenes I  dated to the forty-fourth year of the Seleukid era indicate? Was Eumenes’ position as the dynast of Pergamon stable? True or False :we lack evidence for the crucial period between the death of Antiochos I  and the death of Antiochos II What does recent analysis of the coinage of the ‘fratarāka’ suggest? What is a semi-autonomous dynasty? Antiochos is said to have been‘responsible for many advantages’ bestowed onthem after? After Attalos’ death who seized the territory of Phrygia Epikteos til the treaty of Apemia? What was caused by the rejection of the Seleukid Princess? How did Sekeukid transform Uruk into a polis? What did Ptolemy V gift to Acheaans? According to the Suda, King Seleukos could only be persuaded to sedn troops by? When is the exclusion of the Galatins in the treaty of Apameia evident? How should be interpret the koinopragia of 216? What led to Rome becoming a new actor in power-politics of Asia Minor?

Based on Kosmetatou p.159-174 When and Where was the son of Attalos and Boa born? What may account for Attalos and Boa’s decision to give their children Greek names? What led Philetairos to a careful emancipation? What were eunuchs known for? Who was the first eunuch to assume a degree of independence in the area? Who was Attalos I? Seleukos II’s rule was challenged by who? What was prophesied in the Sibylline Books if Rome introduced the cult of Magna Mater? Why did Antichos offer the Attalid king a daughter in marriage? How did Eumenes II attempt to control his newly expanded kingdom? In what ways did Eumenes involve himself in various issues with neighboring kingdoms? What did the  popular Gigantomachy theme symbolize? How did Attalos II reign differ from his brothers way of ruling? What did Aristonikos do? What happened to Aristonikos in 130? Attalid actions were never exaggeratedly massive because? Why did  Philetairos become a eunuch? What was an important element in the creation of the Attalid image? What reputation did the Pergamene rulers acquire? What was the aim of the Pergamene policy?

What were eunuchs known for? Who was the first eunuch to assume a degree of independence in the area?

Who was the grandson on Zeus ( the god of gods) ?

Chrubasik “The Attalids and the Seleukid kings, 281–175 BC” 2013.

s allied to? Besides his apparent hatred of Rome, what was another explanation for these wars by Mithridates? According to an article published in the Black Sea Centre’s Danish series, what was the essential aim of the Hellenistic kings? During the first 25 years of his rule, what had Mithridates accomplished? What did the use of Sokrates and Armenia indicate? What was said by Gabrielsen in regards to Mithridates’ strategy in Anatolia? How did Rome respond to the struggle for power in Anatolia? What were often seen as the main explanation as to why Rome did not want to move into Anatolia and reestablish control over Paphalagonia? Who is Laodike? What was still regarded as the leading power in Anatolia? In all, what is most important to stress about Mithridates’ attack on the Roman Empire?

Where did Mithradates VI withdraw to? What did the officer of Lucullus, M. Aurelius Cotta confiscate from Heraclea Pontica?

What place was Mithradates VI a king of? Where did Mithradates VI withdraw to? What did the officer of Lucullus, M. Aurelius Cotta confiscate from Heraclea Pontica? What did Luccullus confiscate from Mithradates VI?

essential aim of the Hellenistic kings? During the first 25 years of his rule, what had Mithridates accomplished? What did the use of Sokrates and Armenia indicate? What was said by Gabrielsen in regards to Mithridates’ strategy in Anatolia? How did Rome respond to the struggle for power in Anatolia? What were often seen as the main explanation as to why Rome did not want to move into Anatolia and reestablish control over Paphalagonia? Who is Laodike?

Who was Mithridates allied to? Besides his apparent hatred of Rome, what was another explanation for these wars by Mithridates? According to an article published in the Black Sea Centre’s Danish series, what was the essential aim of the Hellenistic kings?

“a piece of money made of metal which conforms to a standard and bears a design” (Howgego 1995: 1); money can be any “medium of exchange, measure of value, unit of account, store of wealth and means of payment. Often, different forms of money, each with distinct functions, have coexisted within the same monetary system.” (Hollander 2007: 2). When we think of a “coin”, we think of currency; maybe a decoration, or presented as a gift from a commemorative event. All of these factors were also influences for usage during the Attalid kingdom’s heavy period. According to Noah Kaye on the fiscal politics of Pergamon, the production of such coinage “helped to integrate economic micro-regions oriented in very different directions, and thus should be seen as integral to a process of state formation.” Besides economic factors, coins produced during this period were especially commemorative for the portrayal of leaders and for the use of propaganda. Coins are not regarded as especially of deep importance in modern history, but in ancient times of regions such as Anatolia, they had a rich and deep history and usage.

Why did Deiotarus view his relatives as threats? Who were the Roman leaders that helped Deiotarus gain power & what had they done for him? Why was it difficult for Deiotarus to be removed by a certain Roman leader? Who objected to the rise of Deiotarus & what happened to him & his wife? What was Deiotarus accused of? Who was the accuser? Why do you think this happened? What is Deiotarus’ single most important legacy for Galatia?(Although the author lists quite a few, the transformation of their society was drastic). How did the Roman Empire repay Galatia for their alliance? What were Galatian attitudes after the incident in the previous question?

What are the names of the three main tribes of Galatia? Who are the leaders? Who helped Deiotarus change the system of Tetrarchies? How was this perceived by fellow Galatians? What Roman institution helped Deiotarus consolidate power?

What caused the Galatians to oppose Mithradates? Who was one of the survivors? What changed about the Galatians during the war again

Pages 163-174:

How did the Galatians end up in Asia Minor & why did the Galatians raid their neighbors? What is the connection between them? Who did the Galatians conquer & what did they do for a living? How is this related to the last question? What are the weaknesses of the Galatians’ form of government? What is special about the borders of Galatia? Who & what caused insecurity for the Galatians? How did this insecurity influence the Galatians? What made Galatia such a valuable Roman ally?

What are the weaknesses of the Galatians’ form of government? What is special about the borders of Galatia? Who & what caused insecurity for the Galatians? How did this insecurity influence the Galatians?

Who did the Galatians conquer & what did they do for a living? How is this related to the last question? What are the weaknesses of the Galatians’ form of government? What is special about the borders of Galatia? Who & what caused insecurity for the Galatians?

How did the Galatians end up in Asia Minor & why did the Galatians raid their neighbors? What is the connection between them?

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