35 Matching Annotations
  1. Apr 2021
    1. One of the most common errors made whendesigning conservation studies is insufficientor biasedreplication. Replication essentiallymeansrepetitionof the experiment (Krebs1999) and is another type of sample size.

      I can very well see how this creates very common errors. If you test over and over again on the same experiment there is bound to be insufficient information that is given in the wrap up. Being on the same terms and studying information that was given in the beginning experiment's will cut down a lot on replication. One scientist might give facts about this species in this sample size but the other scientists that test the same sample size might have different ideas about the experiment and that's where communication comes into play, and they need to work together to come up with a conservation study that makes sense and isn't a biased replication.

    2. There are no rules of thumb for‘adequate’sample sizes because they depend on the hypoth-esis being tested

      The hypothesis is really what the whole experiment is based off of. Without the hypothesis being tested there isn't going to be a true experiment done. A hypothesis sets the ground for what is going to be tested and no matter the sample size they are all going to e tested in the same type of way. They are all going to be based off the hypothesis no matter the sample size plain and simple.

    1. n the 1980s and 90s Integrated Conservationand Development Projects (ICDPs) were apopular methodology for combining the needsof local communities with conservation, bothinside and outside of PAs. However, there isvery little evidence of conservation success

      I believe this statement because even though conservation was a popular thing in the 80's and 90's there was no where near the technology then that there is today. They didn't have tools like conservationists have today so they couldn't do the research and the experiments as in depth as they can in todays age. The technology that is used today is progressing conservation in a crazy rapid pace. And it's improving the saving of species on the daily.

    2. However, even with so much ofthe land in protected areas, conservation goalshave yet to be met: populations of some speciesremain dangerously low

      I feel as though even though lands are protected it is still very hard to meet these conservation goals because there could be large amount of species that might even be unknown to the area or just too many in general to be able to help every single one all at once. It takes time to find ways to save these species and it is not going to happen all at once and in just a couple of days. These things take a lot of time and funding and people power to get under control.

    1. Where co-management is not desirable or feasi-ble, political scientists and other social researchershave uncovered a number of principles for design-ing effective conservation governance

      It is sometimes very hard to co-manage and both you and the manager be on the same page, but without cooperation between the two things will never succeed. It is very hard for things to get done if there is doubt all the time. With principles in place for effective conservation governance, things will be worked through and certain things will be worked through properly and jobs will get done without hesitation.

    2. These social and ecologicalchanges also impacted worldviews as agricultur-alists believed that technological advances wouldcontinue to increase crop yields and make foodproduction more efficient

      I can relate to this statement in a personal way because my grandfather owns a dairy farm and grows corn and every year there is new technology and new findings that can make the product stronger and stronger every year. The better the yield of a crop the more of that crop that is able to sell and available to the consumers. Without the technologies that have been created in todays age I do no think we would be able to keep up with consumer wants and needs, and evidently never have enough.

    1. The human population is expected to increasefrom 6 billion today to 8–10 billion by 2050

      Increasing a population by 2-4 million people within the next 30 or so years means there is going to need to be a lot more agriculture to sustain the amount of people on earth. Whether it be crops, or timber there's no doubt going to be species that are in danger due to the rise in population. There isn't much we can do for that except prepare and try and come up with ways to smooth transition.

    2. Many tree plantations have been traditionallylabeled as“green deserts”, and are presumed orfound to be hostile to native species and largelydevoid of wildlife

      Due to the fact that demand for timber will always be on the increase, being that timber is used for hundreds of things in our economies, it is going to be very hard to try and control these plantations because without these plantations this world is going to be without a lot of its natural resources. We just need to find a way to balance out the two and make both work together.

    1. Private citizens are prohibited from harminglisted animals.

      An animal that I know is very prohibited to hunt and even a felony in the United States is Bald eagles. And this is why this part stood out to me because there are a lot of different animals that are not allowed to be hunted due to the fact that there species are in danger of becoming endangered.

    2. A fundamental question that quickly arises whenscientists and decision-makers discussendangered wildlife is what exactly should beconserved

      This is a very important topic I feel because some endangered species might be very harmful to other endangered species so conserving some species might end up a threat to other species. Also some certain species might even be a threat to the environment. And we really don't need those kind of species around.

  2. Mar 2021
    1. Maybe the largest open research challenge forsea/landscape conservation planning is to movefrom maintaining current biodiversity towardsrestoring biodiversity that has already been lost(Hobbs and Norton 1996)

      This I believe a major step towards re instating species that have been gone for some time. Instead of just trying to find ways to keep species alive we need to work towards making species stronger than ever, and grow in numbers and make them bigger and better then they have ever been before. We need to keep the species alive and thriving that we have now, and try and get the red zone species out of the red zone.

    2. As of 2007, 41 415 species had been assessedagainst the IUCN Red List categories and criteria,yielding the result that 16 306 of these are globallythreatened with a high risk of extinction in themedium-term future (IUCN 2007)

      This is a very large number and in fact a scary number of species that are at risk of extinction, we really need to start looking at these numbers and find ways how we can slow these numbers of species headed toward extinction. We need to work together and stop this from happening.

    1. Forflowering plantsworldwide, 16% are deemed threatened amongthe300 000 already described taxonomically(Walter and Gillett 1998).

      If birds become to come extinct at a higher faster rate then flowering plants are in serious danger of extinction, we need to protect our birds and those birds will protect our flowers.

    2. Madagascar lost 40% of its large mammalsafterfirst human contact,

      I strongly believe this because humans back then needed to hunt for their sources of food, so therefore all the large mammals were being killed to be used as food for usually large numbers of people.

    1. Joshua Tree National Park, they will have thenew value of being the safe havens from whichspecies can move and create the new biogeo-graphic pattern.

      This is very good news to hear because having safe havens for new generations of species to be re born and safe to grow rich and heavy.

    2. For well known species such as the sugarmaple (Acer saccharum), the environmental re-quirements are fairly well known so it is possibleto model how the geography of those require-ments is likely to change along with climate

      This is very interesting news because if we know information about certain species like we do about the sugar maples we will be more aware of how rapidly the climate change is happening and when to know we are in grave danger.

    1. Laws against the international wildlife andtimber trade have often failed to prevent suppliessourced from natural populations from reachingtheir destination,

      This has always been a big problem. Like anything that's illegal people are going to break the rules and keep on doing it over and over again. These are high paying needs so people are going to keep doing and not care what the law says, they are just going to hope that they don't get caught.

    2. 6.2.2 Tropical forest vertebratesHumans have been hunting wildlife in tropicalforests for over 100 000 years, but the extent ofconsumption has greatly increased over the lastfew decade

      The price of tropical game has gone way up and is much more expensive than it has ever been, the more money for rainforest kills is getting more and more people out hunting that sort of game. it is kind of upsetting that these species are becoming more and more hunted threatening extinction.

  3. Feb 2021
    1. ·Fluctuations in the environment, such as varia-tion in rainfall and food sources, which affect birthand death rates in populations

      I feel as though this happens much more than we think. Natural disasters kill off human life, species of vegetation, animal life and much more. It is extremely hard for animals to find proper food sources in events such as floods, and other natural disasters due to the fact that most of the food sources are swept away.

      This is a piece of life and the environment controls what happens not us, we can't possibly control or tell when i natural disaster is going to happen so I say it's just gods way of natural selection.

    2. Isolation of populations is a fundamental conse-quence of habitat fragmentation: it affects localpopulations by restricting immigration and emi-gration.

      Is this meaning that the population of a species isn't getting out to find other populations so therefore the species can't grow. Is it kind of of an inbred species going on if they stick to the same population.

    1. Complex but feasible managementapproaches are needed to address thecumulative impacts of human activities on theoceans.

      I agree with this statement because without management pollution and extinction is just gonna begin to go through the roof and with no management there is going to be no way to stop what is going on.

    2. CHAPTER 4Habitat destruction: deathby a thousand cutsWilliam F. LauranceHumankind has dramatically transformed muchof the Earth’s surface and its natural ecosystems.

      Throughout the time humans have been on this earth we have done a lot of things that have affected the world and its ecosystems very negatively. But throughout the years we have also learned a lot of ways to try and slow down the destruction we are causing on the world.

    1. Dispersing seeds is among the most importantfunctions of mobile links.

      If seeds aren't dispersed throughout within the plants will have a hard time growing and the organisms will have a hard time pollinating.

    2. Malaria, recently shown to have jumped fromchimpanzees to humans (Richet al. 2009), is per-haps the best example of a resurging disease thatincreases as a result of tropical deforestation

      I agree with this because its stated as facts jumping from chimps to humans that the tropical disforestation has a large part in the health in the world.

    3. Dispersing seeds is among the most importantfunctions of mobile links.

      If seeds aren't dispersed throughout within the plants will have a hard time growing and the organisms will have a hard time pollinating.

    4. “Mobile links”are animal species that providecritical ecosystem services and increase ecosys-tem resilience by connecting habitats and ecosys-tems as they move between them

      This means that more species that come together and work with each other are necessity's for our ecosystem they are needed to keep some portions up and running.

      https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10021-002-0150-4#:~:text=Organisms%20that%20actively%20move%20in,provide%20ecological%20memory%20(that%20is%2C

    5. Most insightful are programs that changehuman management practices to reduce theprobability of conflict.

      We need more things like this to explain to people what could happen if things continue to go on the way that they are let people know that it doesn't have to keep going the same way that it is.

    6. To deliver these nutrients without soilwould be exceedingly expensive as modern hy-droponic (water-based) systems cost more thanUS$250 00

      This is the reason why farmers have to fertilize lands all the time because most land does not have enough nutrients within the soil to grow healthy plants and crops so adding certain types of fertilizers and nutrients to this soil enriches the soil to create a better product. This nutrients to soil ratio is done by a math equation by getting a soil sample and figuring out how much help the soil needs.

    7. Soil generation andsoil fertilityLeaf litter and soil invertebrates, soilmicro‐organisms, nitrogen‐fixingplants, plant and animalproduction of waste products

      This is pretty much explaining the breakdown of different organisms creates a soil that is very rich and fertile and creates a good base for organism growth.

    8. Ecosystem services start at the most fundamentallevel: the creation of the air we breathe and thesupply and distribution of water we drink

      I agree with this statement if we didn't have the organisms doing exactly what they are supposed to in our ecosystem then we wouldn't be able to breathe we wouldn't be able to survive in this world. These organisms need to continue to do their jobs and work properly in order for us to keep moving along and living.

    1. , I consider how the variety of life haschanged through tim

      I completely agree with this statement over the years that i can remember i have realized how much things have changed in this world it is good and also scary.

    2. his island (540 km2) haslost over 95% of its primary forests since 1819

      I believe that this shows that things seriously need to change in these areas. 95% of forests lost is a horrible statistic and very scary thing.

    3. Discoveries at the highest taxonomic levelshave particularly served to highlight the muchgreater phyletic diversity of microorganismscompared with macroorganisms.

      scientific experiments are being done to analyze the differences in organisms

    4. irst, it provides an impor-tant link between the different groups of elementsof biodiversity (Table 2.1). Second, it is the scale atwhich it is perhaps most sensible to consider lin-kages between biodiversity and the provision ofecosystem services

      This has very direct meaning to biodiversity

    5. Organismal diversity encompasses the full taxo-nomic hierarchy and its components, from indi-viduals upwards to populations, subspecies andspecies, genera, families, phyla, and beyond tokingdoms and domains.

      This a very rich sentence with a lot of rich information.