These properties give phages the potential to be developed as promising antimicrobial agents. Phage products have been approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and applied to control Listeria monocytogenes contamination in meat products (Lang, 2006). In addition, phage treatment does not affect food quality parameters, such as flavor, color, and taste (Pietracha and Misiewicz, 2016)

A bacteriophage (phage) is a virus that can specifically infect and control bacteria and has self-replication ability.

However, conventional treatments usually affected food quality and often produced toxic compounds. Therefore, bacteriophage (phage), a natural antimicrobial agent, has been suggested as an alternative strategy to control foodborne pathogens including S. aureus. In this study, KMSP1, a bacteriophage infecting S. aureus was isolated from a raw milk sample and characterized. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that phage KMSP1 belongs to the Myoviridae family. Phage KMSP1 efficiently inhibited bacterial growth for >28 h post-infection. In addition, phage KMSP1 could infect a broad spectrum of S. aureus strains, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains.

Designing safe and effective adjuvants that can be used in clinical practice to treat patients with immune disorders is very important in biomedicine.

and that green plants may provide abundant resources for this potential medical adjuvant.

we first report the immunostimulatory activity of total genomic DNA from two plants, Brassica chinensis L. and Zea may, the CpG methylation status of which is incomplete compared with E. coli DNA. These plant DNA can activate B cells to proliferate. Plant DNA promotes secretion of IL-12, and increases expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). Plant DNA can also enhance antigen presentation capacity of BMDC and macrophages.

. A renewed interest in bacteriophage therapy and trends in the development of CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials have provided new treatments for antimicrobial resistance

Bacteriophages (phages) are a category of viruses capable of infecting bacteria. Phages were first documented in 1915 and were named bacteriophages in 1917

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections in humans are increasing worldwide. The global spread of antimicrobial resistance poses a considerable threat to human health. Phage therapy is a promising approach to combat MDR bacteria. An increasing number of reports have been published on phage therapy and the successful application of antibacterials derived using this method.

The traditional concept of phage therapy is the direct application of naturally isolated virulent phage to the patient with an aim of lysing pathogenic bacteria responsible for causing infectious diseases. Here phages are used as a sole therapeutic agent, this form of phage application is referred to as ‘Conventional phage therapy’

Bacteriophages are viruses, the most abundant organisms and the natural predators of bacteria. They are self-replicating, obligatory intracellular parasites and inert biochemically in extracellular environment.

Currently, the phage therapy is gaining much attention as more and more bacteria become resistant to current antibiotics. Phage therapeuatic efficacy has been demonstrated against a wide range of bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas spp., and Escherichia coli [2,3]. Thus, phage therapy applications have noted significant progress in broader clinical practices. In fact, phages can be used for different applications ranging from human antibiotherapy to environment disinfection

Development of drugs has revolutionized the treatment methods of bacterial infectious diseases that have had killed millions of humans in pre-antibiotic era.