In summary, insufficient sleep exerts significant negative effects on both physiological and psychological health. Disruptions to the circadian rhythm initiate a cascade of molecular and behavioral changes, including impaired cellular function, increased cell apoptosis, and reduced neuronal excitability. These disruptions adversely affect the activity and functional connectivity of various brain regions, leading to delayed responses, cognitive decline, and heightened emotional instability. The cumulative evidence highlights the crucial role of sleep in maintaining both physical health and mental well-being. Given the widespread and multifaceted impact of sleep deprivation, it is imperative to prioritize sleep health in public health initiatives. Effective interventions should aim not only at improving individual sleep habits but also at addressing systemic factors that contribute to sleep disruption, thereby mitigating the long-term health risks associated with chronic sleep deficiency.

In addition to physiological health issues, sleep deprivation also severely affects psychological well-being. In particular, sleep disorders are common among patients with major depressive disorder, often manifesting as non-restorative sleep, emotional instability, and excessive daytime fatigue

disrupted sleep can lead to memory decline, physical fatigue, and even more serious health problems, such as obesity and cancer

he factors affecting life quality are multifaceted, including diet, exercise, mental health, social support, and others [Citation23].

People with sleep disorders, such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome (RLS), periodic limb movement (PLM) and sleep breathing disorder (SBD), are likely to suffer from sleep deprivation

Studies shown that factors such as shift work, stress and the use of media and electronic devices before sleep contribute to the physiological changes in the secretion of melatonin, leading to sleep deprivation

During sleep, there are same biological and physiological process inside of the body, including blood pressure regulation, heart rate, hormone secretion and immune defense function, cell repair, temperature control, memory recovery and cognitive ability all occur during sleep

Relevant survey data disclosed that only 48% of American adults have appropriate sleep duration every night, 26% samples slept 6–7 h every night, and 20% samples slept less than 6 h every night [

best sleep duration need by adults is 7–9 h per night

everyone may spend at least one third of our lives on sleeping. From the neurology perspective, it contains two states, rapid eye movement (REM) and Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)