18 Matching Annotations
  1. Sep 2023
    1. , the United States and its allies are again tightening controls over an even broaderarray of items. These technologies are relevant not only to military systems but also tocivilian industries, such as aviation. Western countries should continue to broaden thesecontrols to limit Russia’s ability to acquire advanced manufacturing, robotics, andautomation skills. The lower the overall capacity of Russia’s manufacturing andtechnology sectors, the less able the Russian defense industry will be to acquire theexpertise it needs to build advanced military equipment. To prevent Russia fromdeveloping additional manufacturing, computing, or software-programming capabilities,Washington and its allies should more fully sever these sectors from access to Westerntechnology.THE ESCALATION DEBATE

      The connection between the two articles lies in the broader theme of international collaboration and technology sharing within alliances. In the article I found, AUKUS is seen as an opportunity for allied countries to pool their resources and expertise in defense and technology. In this this text, the focus is on limiting technology access for a geopolitical adversary (Russia). Both texts touch on the idea that controlling access to advanced technology and fostering collaboration within alliances are critical aspects of modern geopolitics and national security. https://www.ussc.edu.au/breaking-the-barriers-reforming-us-export-controls-to-realise-the-potential-of-aukus

    2. For one, financial penalties will slow Russia’s economic growth. The country’s economywill probably shrink this year due to Washington’s and Brussels’s existing sanctions. Bythrowing a wrench into the Russian financial system and further cutting Moscow off frominternational capital markets, the sanctions will reduce overall investment, draggingdown the country’s long-run growth rate.

      This quote highlights how sanctions, which restrict Russia's access to international financial markets, can lead to a slowdown in economic growth. It indirectly touches upon the concept that free international financial markets can contribute to economic growth by facilitating investment and capital flows. In this case, sanctions represent a barrier to the benefits that free international financial markets can offer to an economy.

    Annotators

  2. Aug 2023
    1. In the case of climate change, game theory helps us understand the obstacles to its solution. Recall the way we modelled the climate change game as a prisoners’ dilemma in which two countries (the US and China) can either restrict carbon emissions or continue with business as usual (see Figure 4.17). Complete self-interest makes the business as usual scenario the dominant strategy equilibriumdominant strategy equilibrium An outcome of a game in which every player plays his or her dominant strategy.close⁠.

      http://cup.columbia.edu/book/game-theory-and-climate-change/9780231184649#:~:text=Game%20Theory%20and%20Climate%20Change%20develops%20a%20conceptual%20framework%20with,practical%20analyses%20of%20international%20negotiations.

      This article helps us understand climate change through understanding climate change. Published my Columbia University it states that " Game Theory and Climate Change develops a conceptual framework with which to analyze climate change as a strategic or dynamic game, bringing together cooperative and noncooperative game theory and providing practical analyses of international negotiations". Both of these sources highlight that game theory provides a valuable lens for comprehending the complexities of climate change by offering a structured way to analyze strategic interactions among countries. In the context of climate change negotiations, game theory highlights the challenges rooted in self-interest and cooperation. For instance, when modeling climate change as a prisoners' dilemma involving countries like the US and China, it becomes evident that without proper coordination, the dominant strategy is to continue with high carbon emissions. This analysis underscores the need for international cooperation and policy mechanisms to shift the equilibrium towards sustainable outcomes.

    2. Burning fossil fuels for power generation and industrial use leads to emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. These activities, together with CO2 emissions from land-use changes, generate greenhouse gases equivalent to around 36 billion tonnes of CO2 each year

      This directly answers the inquiry question and shows that economic growth involving the burning of fossil fuels and land-use changes generates significant CO2 emissions, contributing to around 36 billion tonnes of CO2 annually. This directly exemplifies how economic growth exacerbates environmental issues by intensifying greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn drive climate change and ecosystem disruption. Moreover, this section further exemplifies how increases in Co2 causes damage to aquatic life, increases pollutionan and golbal warming.

    1. While Spain, albeit with a lag, adopted the technologies of steam power, railroads,electricity, mechanization, and factory production, Peru did not, or at best did so veryslowly and imperfectly. This technological gap persists today and reproduces itself on abigger scale as new technologies, in particular those related to information technology,fuel further growth in many developed and some rapidly developing nations

      This directly addresses the inquiry question by highlighting the role of technological adoption and advancement in shaping the economic trajectories of different countries, using the examples of Spain and Peru. The author explains that Spain embraced technological innovations like steam power, railroads, electricity, mechanization, and factory production, which contributed to its economic growth. While, Peru either did not adopt these technologies or did so at a much slower and less effective pace. This technological gap between the two countries has endured over time and has larger consequences as new technologies, particularly those related to information technology, continue to drive economic growth in developed and rapidly developing nations. Countries that manage to integrate new technologies into their economic structures tend to experience growth and we have seen evidence of this is growing country's in SEA.

    2. but the government gradually invested in clean water, in theproper treatment of sewage and effluent, and, eventually, in an effective health service.Improved health and life expectancy were not the cause of England’s economic successbut one of the fruits of its previous political and economic changes

      Again shows what we discussed in class how investing in public goods can increase a country's economic growth. For example Singapore spends heavily on education and infrastructure- now it is one the wealthiest nations in the world.

    3. oil-rich nations

      This is what caused the growth in Middle Eastern countries, since they are the largest producer of oil they engage with constant exports of oil which increase the country's GDP- meaning more economic growth.

    4. Growth emerged slowly in thesecond half of the eighteenth century as the Industrial Revolution, based on majortechnological breakthroughs and their application in industry, took root.

      Cause of England's economic growth, can be applied to what we talked about in class how technology is a factor that can provoke growth

    Annotators

    1. Making caste salient to the testtakers invoked identities, which in turn affected perfor-mance.

      This is specifically true for the Indian caste system as exemplified in the example. The caste system is so deeply engraved in the culture that it affects ones day to day life. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0007650317745867 Both this example and the research paper show how the Indian caste system can be detrimental to individuals by influencing their self-perception, limiting opportunities, and shaping their social interactions based on hierarchical divisions. This can hinder decision-making and financial choices, as individuals might internalize prescribed roles, face discrimination, and have restricted access to resources, ultimately impacting their economic well-being and autonomy.

    2. Mental models and social beliefs and practicesoften become deeply rooted in individuals. We tend tointernalize aspects of society, taking them for grantedas inevitable “social facts.”

      This was interesting to think about because as humans we tend to accept them as fundamental aspects of reality rather than recognize that they are shaped by human interpretation and historical context.

    3. The study captures a key implicationof chapter 1, which is that adjusting what informationis provided, and the format in which it is provided, canhelp people make better decisions

      When participants were shown how dollar fees accumulate over time for loans compared to credit card borrowing, there was an observable 11 percent drop in payday lender borrowing over the next four months. This highlights the economic impact of altering information presentation, highlighting how such interventions can lead to more informed and economically favorable choices.

    4. In so doing, we may form amistaken picture of a situation, just as looking througha small window overlooking an urban park could mis-lead someone into thinking he or she was in a morebucolic place (

      The text explains how automatic thinking simplifies problems, narrows our perspective, and relies on familiar associations and beliefs, sometimes distorting our understanding of situations. The analogy of peering through a small window at an urban park illustrates this phenomenon. This insight holds valuable implications for tackling developmental hurdles and shaping effective policies. By acknowledging the role of automatic thinking, policymakers can design strategies that align better with people's genuine interests and desired outcomes.

    5. What was important aboutthe metal box, the lock, and the labeled passbook wasthat it allowed people to put the money in a mentalaccount for preventive health products. The interven-tion worked because mental accounting is one way inwhich people are often “thinking automatically” andis an example of a more general framing or labelingeffect in which assigning something to a categoryinfl uences how it is perceived.

      This illustrates how the utilization of mental accounting and framing effects can impact economic behaviors. A question that could be raised is how can the integration of these psychological mechanisms be extended to economics to encourage favorable financial choices on a wider scale?

    6. This approach can be powerful and useful, but in anumber of contexts, it also has a liability: it ignoresthe psychological and social influences on behavior.

      This can be demonstrated in the videos we watched in class, specifically the video titles "Why are poor people overwhelmed"- the example of the stack of bills shows how they have a lot of grave life problems so their economic decisions may not be the most wise because of social and psychological influences.

    7. However, by providing people with a lockable metalbox, a padlock, and a passbook that a household simplylabels with the name of a preventive health product,researchers increased savings, and investment in theseproducts rose by 66–75 percent

      demonstrates a direct example of a key concept identified above about savings and rate of return.

    8. The title of this Report, Mind, Society, and Behavior,captures the idea that paying attention to how humansthink (the processes of mind) and how history andcontext shape thinking (the influence of society) canimprove the design and implementation of develop-ment policies and interventions that target humanchoice and action (behavior).

      Dives into the psychology of decision making and how it can affect policies and actions that significantly impact ones life- can be connected to economical decisions

    9. The success of the intervention depended on “think-ing socially”—our tendency to identify with and learnfrom others.

      Connects to human psychology again and shows how humans are more susceptible to media and emotions engaged with the media they consume- in this case fictitious characters

    10. But the new approaches enhance our understandingof the development process and the way develop-ment policies and interventions can be designed andimplemented

      Allows the reader the clearly differentiate the differences with the new approaches and how they affect our thinking