fast contact tracing combined with a large-scale virus-testing program might be able to not just delay the epidemic but to stop it entirely
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60 Matching Annotations
- May 2020
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mhealth.jmir.org mhealth.jmir.org
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If it could be determined who had been in such close proximity, then one could ask freshly infected, presymptomatic people to self-isolate and thus stop them from infecting more people.
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To reduce infections, one would need to act quickly when a person is diagnosed with COVID-19 to find all people this person was in close proximity with
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about half of all infections occur before the dreaded symptoms of fever or a persistent cough appear.
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Recent epidemiological models also predict that the epidemic will start anew, once the lockdown is lifted
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Lockdowns, however, come at a great cost to workers, firms, and families.
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- Sep 2019
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is.muni.cz is.muni.cz
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Thus the reader is offered a ‘non-linear’ or, perhaps moreaccurately, a ‘multilinear’ experience.
option to proceed linearly but also 'multilinearly'
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What happens when conventional ways of thinking about the textderived from literature or media studies are applied to texts that, allegedly, work in entirelynew ways?
the physical v. the digital, an interactive and visual reading experience rather than a passive one
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consequences of interactivity
not always bad, but does affect us culturally
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hypermedia
media that goes beyond itself
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‘every quotation may be traced instantly’, and ‘minority inter-pretations and commentary may be found everywhere’
google
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that associative linkage of data is a more ‘natural’ model of informationmanagement than the conventional linear alphabetical methods of bibliography such as theDewey library system
This makes sense, most of the way we mentally store data is webbed
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The human mind operates by association. With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly tothe next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in association with some intri-cate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain
The design of digital media is based on association by the user.
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Equally the many interventions and manipulations enabled by this facilitycreate the qualities of interactivity
so, is interactivity just another form of accessibility?
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like interactivity, hypertextuality has ideological overtones
I just like the phrase "ideological overtones" ... but I think it plays into the separatist mentality of media.
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this database could be anything from the entire World Wide Web to a particularlearning package, an adventure game, or the hard drive on your own PC
The meaning of words is broadening
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This intervention actually sub-sumes other modes of engagement such as ‘playing’, ‘experimenting’, and ‘exploring’ underthe idea of interaction
A change in language around the way we engage with "new" media.
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So the audience for new media becomes a ‘user’ ratherthan the ‘viewer’ of visual culture, film and TV or a ‘reader’ of literature
How has our culture shifted from that of consumers to users?
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offer more and more finelytuned degrees of choice to the consumer
choices are an important aspect of media today, the choice to modify our media to our preferences, ex: muting users on social media, changing the UI of messaging apps
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To declare a system interactive is to endorse it with a magic power.’
Is interactivity somehow linked with influence? Is there something special about interactivity that gives it this "magic power"?
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Rather it is to suggest that any progressive understand-ing of the potentialities of new media in everyday life is only possible by rejecting a notion of‘a self-enclosed cyberian apartness’ (Miller and Slater 2000: 5) and recognising the materi-ality of these technologies and their place in everyday lived experience. We could insteadthink of a productive tension between the places and practices of new media: ‘these spacesare important as part of everyday life, not apart from it’
This feels like a push in the direction of stepping out of the theoretical and into the actual. Within the theoretical things and traits are overlooks and manipulated in ways that are not indicative of their reality.
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Indeed we can only make sense of it as it is encountered in con-crete places and through specific practices.
We must focus on the lived aspect of technoculture to better understand its bounds and reach.
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The object of each is not lived technoculture but conceptsand images, fictions and speculations. It becomes clear that on the one hand a morenuanced conception of the relationship between the ‘new’ and the ‘old’ in everyday digitalculture is required; while on the other, that the materiality, the reality of new technologies andnew technocultures must be addressed.
If their respective goals only focus on relationships between ideas and concepts but never actually the thing itself in practice, then how much is actually being contributed to the conversation?
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‘mobile privatisation’
This idea can be further extended beyond the television --> computers to personal computers to laptops to tablets, the progression of which map the privatisation of the computer and almost, by default, the internet.
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On the one hand then, everyday life is the site in which the popular mean-ings and uses of new media are negotiated and played out. On the other hand, nearly all ofthe discussions of new media to a greater or lesser degree make claims that they transform,or will soon transform (or transcend) day-to-day life, its spatio-temporal limits, its restrictionsand power structures.
Our lives provide the canvas for media and technology but those new media and technology alter and influence the state of that canvas.
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that culture, everyday life, individuals and households are materially and conceptually dis-tinct from technologies
We have seen that the opposite is true, that technology cannot be separated from culture so easily and that even if it could, the line would be too difficult to draw.
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‘cyberian apartness’
This is an interesting way of labeling the separation between the physical world and the digital world.
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spatiotemporal
def: of relating to space and time. (i needed to look this up...)
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technology has always been intimately involved with a fascination for thepossibility of creating life
Creating life outside of ourselves -- but where does this motivation come from? Our culture? Nature?
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Such an approach does not solve the problem of knowing what technology is, butit can help sharpen up how we ask the question
It's less about answering the question explicitly and more about understanding where the question lies and where the boundaries of its answer(s) are.
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we all take it for granted that we have aserviceable knowledge of what technology is, since we are surrounded by it.
The ubiquitous nature of technology creates a culture that acts as an authority on the definition of technology.
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warning: we are about to enter a sphere in which distinctions between science fiction, soci-ology and philosophy can become hard to maintain
How do we maintain similar distinctions amidst the blurriness of the lines each of these draw? Can we even expect a basis for distinction when considering these things?
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While such studies tell us a greatdeal about what technology means to particular cultural groups, they tell us much less abouttechnology itself, and do not therefore provide an adequate means of studying it in itself.
Is technology anything apart from culture? If it results from human interference and it operates within the structures of the culture we create, then were culture to be removed from the equation, would technology even exist?
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Concentrating on what happens only at the very moment of newmedia technology’s ‘newness’ means that questions of technology slip into the backgroundonce they are no longer new.
Instead of writing off inaccuracies we should reframe the thought or focus.
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he first section, meanwhile, exploressome of the problems attendant upon finding a framework in which to address these threepoints, and will ask some orienting questions to help us navigate across these terrains
Question to be answered by the section of reading: What are the problems in finding a framework to address culture, technology, and nature?
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for cyberculture, computers as media and technologies ofcommunication are just the tip of these arch-cyberpunks’ iceberg of social change
This tends to be the only thing that gets talked about and therefore comes off as the only thing we should care about.
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This is that many of the questions that the emergence of new media havegiven rise to are actually versions of larger and more fundamental questions about the rela-tionship of culture to technology and technology to nature. These are not questions thatmedia studies, in general, concerns itself with.
New media, in its immense volumes, has just pointed back to the underlying, unanswered questions of the definitions and relationships between technology, culture, and nature. Though the questions are not new, they are more evident to a wider range of people than those investigating intentionally.
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Cyberculture, then, consists in a mass of new technological things, a wide range of imag-inative fictions that have, as it were, seeped through the screens so that they may seem likerealistic descriptions of our bewildering everyday lives
Allows for the dramatization of the technical within our media and entertainment. "Black Mirror" is a popular show that takes its eerie and unsettling elements from extending the reach of relatable technology.
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Our newspapers now routinely announce some new marriage of biology and tech-nology in the form of intelligent prosthetics, implant technologies, cloning, and so on, whilewe are suffering new physical (repetitive strain injury) and psychological disorders (in-tray anx-iety, information sickness) as a consequence of the ubiquity of computation.
A cultural blend of old media and new media. Newspapers traditionally bring individuals updates on relevant information to the world and their lives, old media acts as a facilitator of new media and could even be viewed as a benchmark for the relevance of new media.
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www.tandfonline.com www.tandfonline.com
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Turning to communications research on Twitter, Marwick andboyd (2011) arguethat Twitter users imagine their audience, citing Scheidt’s (2006) statement thatonline audiences exist only as written into the text throughstylistic and linguisticchoices. However, in examining uses of Twitter’s ‘‘@’’ function, Honeycutt andHerring (2009) found that it enabled direct conversations by reinforcing addressivity.
There's this blend between public and private on the platform, some comments intended for whoever may come across them in their feed and others directed at individuals where platform users are invited to have a front seat in a "private" conversation. So, users are able to create as well as eavesdrop or engage with the conversations of others.
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Some research on Twitter takes an instrumental approach, which while capableof perceiving and measuring social interaction quantitatively, assumes that Twitteris culturally neutral.
"Culturally neutral" is an interesting label to place on something and the context in which it's used in makes me question what the criteria for "neutral" are.
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Hoffman and Novak (2000) noted that a lack ofBlack-oriented online content should be considered as a primary determinant of thedigital divide.
How many other ways are racial groups excluded by the nature of the content digitally generated?
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Twitter differs from other SNS in that the ‘‘comment,’’ or Tweet—not profilesor networks—is the site’s focal point.
This makes it a more conceptually "free" environment because thoughts do not have to be tied to specific content.
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- Aug 2019
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instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com
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altogetherbroaderview
broad but comprehensive
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whichimpliesonly onedimensionofchoice:eitheryou accept innovationunreservedly,or you opt out.
Other examples of this mentality functioning today: social media. You don't agree with the monetization of your own personal data and information? You're only choice is to opt out, but how realistic is this option when choosing it means isolating yourself in some manner?
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In eachofthese instances,though,managementsare oftenreluctantto take advantageofthe morecreativeoption,'becauseit would lessentheiropportunitiesforcontrol-lingoutput'
The values depicted here are that of productivity and influence rather than quality of experience.
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Innovationmaythenbeseenas the outcomeofacycleofmutualadjustmentsbetweensocial,culturalandtechnicalfactors
Innovation instead of improvement, innovation does not necessarily imply a linearity in the development of technologies.
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Thatwas not primarily a technical revolution;therewas nochangein thenatureofmany processes, which weremerelyreorganizedon the basisofthe divisionoflabour.
The processes by which we based our technologies resulted from cultural shifts in the workplace.
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lead us to overlook thefactthatimprovementsin one dimension are sometimes accompaniedby lessdesirabledevelopments elsewhere
Do we actively overlook the developments that occur as a result of our "improvements"?
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we may be able to see that here is astreamoffeeling which politicians can certainly manipulate at times
In order to manipulate, there must be something to take advantage of, such as the broad terminology surrounding technology and its lack of cultural consideration. This indicates that the cultural aspect is known but ignored.
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'Man'spower overNatureoften turnsoutto be apowerexerted by some men overothermen withNatureasitsinstrument',
As the "natural" world becomes more scarce, we could replace the word "nature" with "technology."
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atrainingin science andtechnologytendsto focus on generalprinciples,and does notprepareoneto look for specifics in quite thisway
What kind of training are we getting? What things contribute to this "training"? How are we, by our actions, training others to focus on general principles without the consideration of the specifics of culture?
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Tohope for atechnicalfix for anyofthemthatdoes not alsoinvolvesocial andculturalmeasuresis topursuean illusion
lasting solutions involve more than attending to the functionality of a given technology
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Oneproblemarisingfromhabitualuseofthe word technology in it
Generalities lead to an oversight of details -- an effort needs to be made to use meaningful and specific language
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common speech,culturereferstovalues, ideas and creativeactivity,
If one considers technology a form of creative activity, then by this definition technology is culture.
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humanand social aspect
this vs. organization
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Oncethisdistinctionisestablished
How many things have been overlooked, left out, or misunderstood by the use of nonspecific language? The language we use and how we use it is important to the values we leave behind.
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technologyisseenas apartoflife, notsomethingthat can be kept in a separatecompartment.
I find it interesting how after so many decades culture can still be viewed and treated as something to be "compartmentalized." If culture finds its way into our architecture and general infrastructure, then why would it not be part of the technologies that construct these things.
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Thusin the world at large,itis argued that technology is 'essentiallyamoral,athingapartfrom values, aninstrumentwhich can be used forgoodor ill'.
If we can claim that there is no piece of the natural world unaffected by human actions, then how can anything be without bias?
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neutrality
Is anything ever truly neutral? It always seems like we come back to the question of neutrality...
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